scholarly journals The indirect method in the establishment of reference intervals for complement 3 and complement 4: A retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiatong Chai ◽  
Zeyu Sun ◽  
Dongyang Xing ◽  
Qi Zhou ◽  
Jiancheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Complement 3 ◽  
Complement 4

scholarly journals Diurnal variation of leukocyte counts affects the indirect estimation of reference intervals

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antje Torge ◽  
Rainer Haeckel ◽  
Mustafa Özcürümez ◽  
Alexander Krebs ◽  
Ralf Junker
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Indirect Estimation ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Reference Limits ◽  
Leukocyte Counts

Abstract It has been observed that the estimation of reference intervals of leukocytes in whole venous blood leads to higher upper reference limits (uRLs) with indirect methods than has been reported in the literature determined by direct approaches. This phenomenon was reinvestigated with a newer, more advanced indirect method, and could be confirmed. Furthermore, a diurnal variation was observed with lower values during the morning and higher values in the late afternoon and at night. This observation can explain why indirect approaches using samples collected during 24 h lead to higher uRLs than direct methods applied on samples collected presumably in the morning.

The importance of correct stratifications when comparing directly and indirectly estimated reference intervals

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Haeckel ◽  
Werner Wosniok
Keyword(s):  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Biological Variables

Abstract Objectives There are generally two major reasons for the comparison of reference intervals (RIs): when externally determined RIs (from the literature or provided by a manufacturer) are compared with presently used intra-laboratory RIs and when indirectly estimated RIs are compared with directly established RIs. Discrepancies within these comparisons may occur for two reasons: 1. the pre-analytical and/or analytical conditions do not agree and/or 2. biological variables influencing the establishment of RIs have not been considered adequately. If directly and indirectly estimated reference intervals (RIs) are compared with each other, they very often agree. Sometimes, however, a comparison may differ, with the reason for any discrepancy not being further studied. A major reason for differences in the comparison of RIs is that the requirement for stratification has been neglected. Methods The present report outlines the consequences to RI comparison if stratification is neglected during RI determination with the main variables affecting RIs being sex and age. Alanine aminotransferase was chosen as an example in which the RIs depend on both these factors. Results Both direct and indirect approaches lead to erroneous RIs if stratification for variables which are known to affect the estimation of RIs is not performed adequately. However, failing to include a required stratification in procedures for directly determined RIs affects the outcome in a different way to indirectly determined RIs. Conclusions The resulting difference between direct and indirect RIs is often misinterpreted as an incorrect RI estimation of the indirect method.

scholarly journals The Effects of Components of Guinea Pig Serum on Lymphosarcoma 6C3HED in C3H Mice

Blood ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 732-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER A. HERBUT ◽  
WILLIAM H. KRAEMER ◽  
LOUIS PILLEMER
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Complete Regression ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
Complement 3 ◽  
C3h Mice ◽  
Complement 4 ◽  
Pig Serum

Abstract The effects of various preparations of guinea pig serum on the Gardner lymphosarcoma 6C3HED in C3H mice were studied. Complete regression of tumor as well as marked retardation of growth were noted as a result of treatment with the following sera: (1) normal; (2) depleted of complement 1 (R1); of complement 3 (R3), and of complement 4 (R4); (3) depleted of properdin (RP); (4) heated at 56 C. for 20 minutes and for 60 minutes and at 66 C. for 30 minutes; and (5) supernatant from centrifuged at 35,000 G at 2 C. for 3 hours. No tumor inhibitory effect was noted as a result of treatment with (1) serum depleted of complement 2 (R2) and (2) pellet (containing lipopolysaccharides) from serum centrifuged at 35,000 G at 2 C. for 3 hours. These results indicate that the tumor inhibitory principle (TIP) in guinea pig serum is probably not complement, properdin, or lipopolysaccharide. Properdin titers of sera from mice treated with each of the preparations listed above disclosed low properdin levels when the tumors were growing or were large, and normal or elevated properdin levels when the tumors were regressing or disappeared completely. In addition, normal nontumor-bearing mice showed as much as a threefold increase in properdin levels when treated with normal or heated guinea pig serum. While it is possible that the tumor inhibitory principle (TIP) in guinea pig serum may exert its effect through the animal’s own properdin system, such a relationship has not as yet been demonstrated.

scholarly journals Indirect method for validating transference of reference intervals

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Lykkeboe ◽  
Claus Gyrup Nielsen ◽  
Peter Astrup Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Information System ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Laboratory Information System ◽  
Large Geographic Area ◽  
Reference Serum ◽  
Analytical Platforms

AbstractBackground:Transference of reference intervals (RIs) from multicentre studies are often verified by use of a small number of samples from reference individuals or by the use of one serum sample (Serum X for NORIP RI). Despite recommended and appropriate methods, both have inconveniencies and drawbacks. Several attempts have been made to develop an indirect method, which uses historical data from the laboratory. These methods are retrospective relying on older test results. A near prospective method would be preferable for the laboratories introducing new methods or changing analytical platforms.Methods:We performed a data mining experiment using results from our laboratory information system covering patients from a large geographic area. Request patterns for patients with assumed healthy characteristics were identified and used to extract laboratory results for calculation of new RI by an indirect method. Calculated RI and confidence intervals (CIs) were compared to transferred NORIP RI verified by NFKK Reference Serum X.Results:We found that our indirect method and NFKK Reference Serum X in general produced similar results when verifying transference of RI. The method produces results for all stratifications. Only single stratifications and one analyte showed unexplained incongruences to the NORIP RI.Conclusions:Our results suggest using request patterns as a surrogate measure for good health status. This allows for a data mining method for validation of RI or validating their transference, which is likely to be applicable in countries with similar healthcare and laboratory information system.

scholarly journals Pediatric reference intervals for thyroid hormone levels from birth to adulthood: a retrospective study

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Kapelari ◽  
Christine Kirchlechner ◽  
Wolfgang Högler ◽  
Katharina Schweitzer ◽  
Irene Virgolini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Thyroid Hormone ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Levels

scholarly journals Clinical Utility and Cost Effectiveness of Complement 3 and Complement 4 in different Clinical Subspecialties in Hamad Medical Corporation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foziyeh Esmaiel Naji ◽  
Mohammed Ehlayel ◽  
Nader Al-Dewik ◽  
Ahmed Malki
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Complement 3 ◽  
Hamad Medical Corporation ◽  
Complement 4 ◽  
The Cost

Background: Complement system is one of ancient innate immune systems in our body fighting against pathogens and foreign bodies. Either one of its three pathways, classical, alternative or lectin activates it. Because of its role and importance in combating against different pathological conditions, it works through defined proteins including regulators and inhibitors. However, over or under stimulation of complement system can lead to various diseases. A number of analytical assays are used to measure complement proteins and its activation states considering complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4) as the most common test used. Objectives: Our aims are to study the clinical utility and cost effectiveness of C3 and C4 among different clinical subspecialties in Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha-Qatar. Design and methods: A retrospective study was conducted using electronic medical records to generate patient’s list from clinical immunology laboratory at HMC. Data on 326 patients were collected from 1st January till 31st March, 2017 and used as pilot study after omitting duplications. The data was studied for its demographical, disease categories, C3 and C4 test results. C3 and C4 test cost were calculated inside HMC and compared to other healthcare providers in country and abroad. Results: A total of 326 patients, 148 males and 178 females (M/F ratio:0.8:1), of age (mean age ±SD) of 36 ± 17.6 years. 289(86%) were >15 years and 47(14%) were 15 or less. Kidney diseases (34%), autoimmune diseases (25%), and allergic diseases (18%) were the top 3 diseases, and constituted 77% of all diseases. 45/336 (13.4%) showed low C3, C4, or both. Mean levels of C3 (±SD) was 120.8 ±36.3 mg/dl, and C4 was27.85±11.9 mg/dl. High C3 and C4 levels were observed in 53 (15.7%) of patients. The cost of performing one test either C3 or C4 in HMC is 22 QR ($6), while other healthcare providers inside the country costed 150-300 QR ($41.2-$82.4). Conclusion: Autoimmune diseases, renal diseases and joist diseases were the most common diseases with low C3 and C4 levels. Although the cost of a single test of C3 or C4 is low, the total annual cost is huge. The treating physician is recommended to exercise judicious clinical wisdom when ordering C3 or C4 tests as diagnostic tools

Establishment of Serum TSH Reference Intervals by an Indirect Method for Healthy Population in Southwest China

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (09/2021) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangjie Zhang ◽  
Qindong Liang ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Ping Leng ◽  
Enping He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Method ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Serum Tsh

Establishment of trimester-specific reference intervals for thyroid stimulating hormone and free thyroxine during pregnancy in southwest China by indirect method

2021 ◽  
pp. 000456322110631
Author(s):  
Ying Guo ◽  
Bin Wei ◽  
Wei Dai ◽  
Hongjian Xie
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Thyroid Function Test ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Function Test

Objective A series of physiological changes in thyroid function occur during pregnancy and differ from those non-pregnant women. This study aimed to establish the pregnancy-specific reference intervals of TSH and FT4 using an indirect method based on the healthy pregnant women from southwest China population. Methods Thyroid function test results which available on the Laboratory Information System (LIS) were collected from the pregnancies who visited the Obstetric Clinic or the Department of Gynecology between 1 January 2015, and 30 December 2020. We grouped the data by trimesters to establish the reference intervals (RIs) based on the clinical consensus of different levels of TSH and FT4 at different weeks of gestation. All arrangements were referenced to the document CLSI EP28-A3C. Results A total of 33,040 thyroid function test results of pregnant women, aged 31 (28,33) years were statistical analyzed. Estimated RIs for TSH and FT4 in the first, second and third trimesters corresponding to the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles in TPOAb negative were 0.02–5.23, 0.03–5.24, 0.37–5.68 mIU/L, 11.66–20.69, 10.1–18.59, 9.85–16.86pmol/L, respectively. Conclusion This study provides trimester-specific RIs for TSH and FT4 among healthy pregnant women in southwest China which guides clinicians to diagnosis and screen for thyroid disorders in this region.

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