scholarly journals Immigrants, social transfers for education, and spatial interactions

2021 ◽  
pp. 103423
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Ferraresi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Interactions ◽  
Social Transfers

Children of the Celtic Tiger during the Economic Crisis: Ireland

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertrand Maître
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Celtic Tiger ◽  
Fiscal Adjustment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Transfers ◽  
Tax And Transfer System ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Scarring Effects

Ireland’s exceptionally deep economic and fiscal crisis had an immediate and profound impact on employment and household incomes. The percentage of children below a 2008 relative income threshold increased in line with prices, rose from 18 per cent to 28 per cent, and by 2012 32 per cent of children were in households reporting severe material deprivation. The impact of the recession was significantly buffered by the social security system providing an income floor for those who lost their jobs, despite cuts in some social transfers, and the redistributive impact of the tax and transfer system increased markedly. Overall the Irish welfare state proved reasonably robust in responding to the crisis, bringing about rapid fiscal adjustment, although public expenditure cuts on key services, high levels of debt, failure to generate adequate affordable housing, and the scarring effects of unemployment mean it will have a lasting impact on families.

scholarly journals Modelling the contribution of short-range atmospheric and hydrological transfers to nitrogen fluxes, budgets and indirect emissions in rural landscapes

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1647-1660 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-L. Drouet ◽  
S. Duretz ◽  
P. Durand ◽  
P. Cellier
Keyword(s):  
Short Range ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Spatial Interactions ◽  
Rural Landscapes ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Oligotrophic Ecosystems

Abstract. Spatial interactions within a landscape may lead to large inputs of reactive nitrogen (Nr) transferred from cultivated areas and farms to oligotrophic ecosystems and induce environmental threats such as acidification, nitric pollution or eutrophication of protected areas. The paper presents a new methodology to estimate Nr fluxes at the landscape scale by taking into account spatial interactions between landscape elements. This methodology includes estimates of indirect Nr emissions due to short-range atmospheric and hydrological transfers. We used the NitroScape model which integrates processes of Nr transformation and short-range transfer in a dynamic and spatially distributed way to simulate Nr fluxes and budgets at the landscape scale. Four configurations of NitroScape were implemented by taking into account or not the atmospheric, hydrological or both pathways of Nr transfer. We simulated Nr fluxes, especially direct and indirect Nr emissions, within a test landscape including pig farms, croplands and unmanaged ecosystems. Simulation results showed the ability of NitroScape to simulate patterns of Nr emissions and recapture for each landscape element and the whole landscape. NitroScape made it possible to quantify the contribution of both atmospheric and hydrological transfers to Nr fluxes, budgets and indirect Nr emissions. For instance, indirect N2O emissions were estimated at around 21% of the total N2O emissions. They varied within the landscape according to land use, meteorological and soil conditions as well as topography. This first attempt proved that the NitroScape model is a useful tool to estimate the effect of spatial interactions on Nr fluxes and budgets as well as indirect Nr emissions within landscapes. Our approach needs to be further tested by applying NitroScape to several spatial arrangements of agro-ecosystems within the landscape and to real and larger landscapes.

A Phenomenological Theory of Socioeconomic Systems with Spatial Interactions

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 869-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
P F Lesse
Keyword(s):  
Lagrange Multipliers ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Phenomenological Theory ◽  
Traffic Flows ◽  
Spatial Interactions ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Density Distributions ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Probability Density Distributions ◽  
The Relationship

This paper deals with a class of models which describe spatial interactions and are based on Jaynes's principle. The variables entering these models can be partitioned in four groups: (a) probability density distributions (for example, relative traffic flows), (b) expected values (average cost of travel), (c) their duals (Lagrange multipliers, traffic impedance coefficient), and (d) operators transforming probabilities into expected values. The paper presents several dual formulations replacing the problem of maximizing entropy in terms of the group of variables (a) by equivalent extreme problems involving groups (b)-(d). These problems form the basis of a phenomenological theory. The theory makes it possible to derive useful relationships among groups (b) and (c). There are two topics discussed: (1) practical application of the theory (with examples), (2) the relationship between socioeconomic modelling and statistical mechanics.

scholarly journals The Effect of Unconditional Cash Transfers on Adult Labour Supply: A Unitary Discrete Choice Model for the Case of Ecuador

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Mideros ◽  
Cathal O’Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Discrete Choice Model ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Negative Income ◽  
Social Transfers ◽  
Supply Model ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Unconditional Cash Transfers

AbstractWe examine the effect of unconditional cash transfers by a unitary discrete labour supply model. We argue that there is no negative income effect of social transfers in the case of poor adults because leisure could not be assumed to be a normal good under such conditions. Using data from the national employment survey of Ecuador (ENEMDUR) we estimate the effect of the

Social transfers and poverty in middle- and high-income countries – A global perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy Ferrarini ◽  
Kenneth Nelson ◽  
Joakim Palme
Keyword(s):  
High Income ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Social Transfers
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