Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar’s Thoughts on Economy Reform

In this chapter, I have analyzed economic thoughts of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, mainly economic ideas reflected in his writings such as, ‘The Problem of Rupee: Its origin and its solution’, ‘The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India: A Study in the Provincial Decentralization of imperial finance’, It can be said that Indian economy at present is facing many problems similar to that at the time of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as instability of money leading to inflation, its socioeconomic implications and its unequal effects on various strata of society, uneconomical public expenditure and rising fiscal deficits, increasing inequalities of income and wealth, and so on. Are Ambedkar’s economic thoughts relevant to understand these problems as well as to provide its solutions? Analyzing his economic ideology, it can be said that India could have been more inclusive if his ideas had been followed in its true spirit. So we can say that India needs to follow his economic ideology in her short term as well as long term economic planning and policy making to shape Inclusive India.

How partisan politics influence government policies in response to ageing populations

Since old-age programmes mitigate life-course risks that are relevant to individuals across socio-economic groups in ageing societies, all parties have a political incentive to support these initiatives. Nevertheless, pre-existing partisan commitments bind the policy instruments that parties use. Cabinet-level analyses of OECD economies demonstrate that left incumbency relies more on public expenditure than right-wing governments. What is more important is that, in the context of large elderly populations, pension coverage is greater under right-leaning governments, while pension replacement rates are higher in left-leaning governments. This shows that party behaviour related to life course-related policies cannot be explained by the conventional pro-expansion versus the pro-retrenchment partisan politics. Rather, a focus on partisan variation in the use of policy instruments is required.

Elite Interests and Public Expenditure in Education in the late XIX and early XX Century in Prussia: A Dialogue Between History and Economics

This paper discusses how Prussia’s public education policy was intentionally guided by economic principles that modern economists have formalized and modeled. The essay compares the results of two economic models with the intentions held by Prussian government officials, which are enshrined in the research agenda of historians and academics. The paper concludes that Prussia’s public education policy was intuitively and intentionally influenced by economic principles and intuitions of the theoretical and empirical models chosen.

Public Expenditures Priorities between Human Development Requirements and Funding Constraints

Interest in the issue of public Expenditures (spending) priorities increases in times of financial and economic crisis, when restrictions on government funding grow, and financial markets stumble in providing financing channels with the necessary liquidity, as well as when paying attention to increasing the efficiency and productivity of public spending, by reducing the waste of public money and pursuing its allocation between different economic sectors to achieve the public benefit as much as possible and at the lowest possible cost. Among the discussions being raised in this regard is where the priority lies in spending is on sectors that support human development such as (education, health and public services), or the priority of spending on other sectors (which may hinder human development and delay the development of states and civil societies) such as military sectors, armaments, military industries and related sectors. Because each side has its arguments and evidence of modern economic and human experiences, it is difficult to resolve the controversy in a certain direction and ignore the opinion of the second party, but what concerns us is the situation of our country and our society and the economic and social pressures and renewed threats from time to time, and what is the most objective and credible reading of the authors of the philosophy of the Iraqi economy, and its emerging priorities developed after 2003, through the trends of the federal budget in this country. Given the financial crisis that is ravaging the global economy as a result of the Corona pandemic and the great isolation measures Great Lockdown and the repercussions of this crisis on the Iraqi economy as a result of the collapse of the world oil markets, so discussions are escalating in the field of rationalization and efficiency of government public spending, and because the general budget depends on the general revenues on oil revenues by more than 90% in most years after 2003, so an external shock or collapse in the oil market affects the revenues of the general budget, and therefore there is a situation The uncertainty of budget planners and implementers in collecting the revenues required to cover the public expenditure side, and the most important items of governing public expenditure, namely employee compensation, support for the poor and others.