The unexpected detection of non palpable hypoechoic testicular lesions has become more frequent thanks to the increased use of trans-scrotal ultrasound (US): patients are often asymptomatic and the objective examination reveals no palpable masses. The different diagnostic, therapeutic approaches vary from radical orchifunicolectomy to simple US follow-up, although the guidelines on the management of these lesions are not defined, yet. The article shows our series of patients with hypoechoic testicular lesions who underwent surgical exploration, with the aid of the operating microscope and histologic test. Materials and Methods 6 patients in total underwent microsurgical exploration of non palpable hypoechoic testicular lesions, from April 2003 to December 2004. Results 4 out of the 6 cases were a left-sided testicular lesion, whereas the 2 remaining cases revealed a right-sided lesion [hypoechoic areas mean size = 3.9 mm (range 2.5 – 16)]. The lesions in all patients could be easily identified and successfully excised thanks to the microsurgical technique. The intraoperative frozen section examination (FSE) showed a benign lesion in 5 cases and an intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN) in one. Patient with ITGCN underwent radical orchiectomy. The final histological analysis confirmed the frozen section examination report for all the 6 cases. Patients were clinically and ultrasonographically evaluated with a mean follow-up of 15 months. No complication occurred. Conclusion Microsurgical exploration of the testis combined with FSE represents a safe, effective and reliable technique in case of non palpable hypoechoic testicular lesions. This approach leads to significant advantages and should be considered especially in patients with a solitary testis or presenting bilateral lesions, and wishing to father a child.
Diagnostic value of frozen section examination of sentinel lymph nodes in early-stage cervical cancer at the time of ultrastaging
