Twenty years of Belgian North Sea aerial surveillance: A quantitative analysis of results confirms effectiveness of international oil pollution legislation

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 644-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Lagring ◽  
Steven Degraer ◽  
Géraldine de Montpellier ◽  
Thierry Jacques ◽  
Ward Van Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Aerial Surveillance ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Belgian North Sea

Oil Pollution, Seabirds, and Operational Consequences, around the Northern Isles of Scotland

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Richardson ◽  
Martin Heubeck ◽  
David Lea ◽  
Peter Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Aerial Surveillance ◽  
Political Concern ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Degree Of Control ◽  
Chronic Pollution

Large numbers of seabirds were killed by both acute and chronic oil pollution in the waters around the Northern Isles of Scotland in 1979. These mortalities closely coincided with the opening of the Sullom Voe Terminal in Shetland, the largest of Britain's North Sea oil-ports, and appeared to stem largely from the illegal discharge of ballast water or tank slops from tankers trading to Sullom Voe. By the middle of 1979, the seabird deaths around Orkney and Shetland had accounted for 85% of the British total of that year.Public and political concern at these events forced the introduction of a number of non-statutory measures designed to eliminate or reduce chronic pollution offshore. In rapid and novel fashion the local authority and oil industry between them achieved a far greater degree of control than formerly over tanker traffic—through the introduction of such schemes as tanker routing, ‘areas of avoidance’, unscheduled aerial surveillance of all tankers, rigorous inspection of ballast quality and quantity, and the introduction through chartering contracts of the necessity for vessels to carry at least 35% ballast on arrival at the port (so providing a strong disincentive to deballast at sea).Since the introduction of these measures, pollution, in the form of oil and oiled birds coming ashore, has decreased dramatically, and is now at a level which is tolerable, considering the scale of oil-related developments in and around Orkney and Shetland.

ADVANCED AERIAL SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR DETECTION OF MARINE POLLUTION AND INTERNATIONAL AERIAL SURVEILLANCE COOPERATION IN THE NORTH AND BALTIC SEAS

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Capt. Klaus Schroh
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Aerial Surveillance ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
The Baltic

ABSTRACT Marine pollution of the North and the Baltic Seas caused by accidental and illegal operational discharges has sharpened the awareness of states adjoining these waters. Consequently, the member states of the Bonn Agreement1 for the North Sea and the Helsinki Convention2 for the Baltic Sea have agreed to cooperate closely to develop remote-sensing techniques to improve the detection of oil pollution and the identification of polluters, and to develop reliable methods to estimate the total level of oil pollution at sea. In the ministerial declaration of the Third International Conference on the Protection of the North Sea (1990) and according to a recommendation of the Helsinki Commission, the member states are invited to develop and improve the existing remote-sensing techniques for effective evaluation of spills, even at night and under bad weather conditions. With the integration of a laser fluorosensor (LFS) and a microwave radiometer (MWR) in its existing sensor system (SLAR, IR/UV scanner, single frequency MWR), Germany has widened the detection and identification by enabling classification of discharged oil and the detection of released chemicals with fluorescent properties. Apart from this technical progress, the international cooperation between the North Sea and Baltic Sea states is a further step to deter potential polluters and to improve the prosecution of suspected offenders and to assist oil recovery operations at sea through permanent aerial guidance.

A quantitative analysis of the effect of excision of the AER from the chick limb-bud

Development ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-660
Author(s):  
Dennis Summerbell
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Apical Ectodermal Ridge ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Positional Value

The effect of removal of the apical ectodermal ridge from the early chick limb-bud is re-examined using a new quantitative method of analysis of results. The concept of the proximo-distal sequence of laying down of parts is confirmed and evidence is presented thatthis proceeds as a continuous process, there being a gradual change in the level specified from one cell to another at a more distal level. The results are then interpreted in terms of the ‘progress zone’ model to show that they are both consistent with the model and that they provide an assay for one of its parameters, the rate of change of positional value with time at the tip.

scholarly journals Quantitative analysis of the <i>Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis</i> Group and Biostratigraphic usefulness in the North Sea Area

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Varol
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Main Criterion ◽  
Biometric Analysis ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Sea Area

Abstract. Based upon a combination of biometric and quantitative analysis on the Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis group, six additional datums were obtained in the Campanian to Maastrichtian interval of the North Sea area. These datums are in ascending order: 1. first common to abundance occurrence of A cymbiformis (Var. NT); 2. last common to abundance occurrence of A. cymbiformis (Var. NT); 3. first common to abundant occurrence of A. cymbiformis (var. N); 4. first common to abundant occurrence of A. cymbiformis (Var. W); 5. last common to abundant occurrence of A. cymbiformis (Var. N); and 7. last common to abundant occurrence of A. cymbiformis (Var. W). The width of the shield is taken as a main criterion for biometric analysis.

“SLIKTRAK”—A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF OFFSHORE OIL SPILLS, CLEANUP, EFFECTS AND ASSOCIATED COSTS

1977 ◽  
Vol 1977 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Blaikley ◽  
G. F. L. Dietzel ◽  
A. W. Glass ◽  
P. J. van Kleef
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Cumulative Probability ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Well Location ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Input Variables

ABSTRACT The reasons are introduced for the development of a simulator sufficiently simple to enable weather data normally acquired for E & P operations to be used. “SLIKTRAK,” developed by Shell, applies a slick description and combat concept, developed within the E & P Forum for well blowouts in the North Sea, but applicable to other areas. This concept includes costs for cleanup, damages and the effect of phenomena such as evaporation and natural dispersion. These factors are based on industry experience and vary primarily with sea conditions. The computer programme simulates the continued creation of an oil spill and applies weather data to predict movements of each day's spillage for successive days at sea and quantities of oil left after each day until the oil either disappears or reaches a coastline. Cumulative probability curves for the oil volumes cleaned up, oil arriving at specified shores, total costs, etc., are produced by random selection of input variables such as well location, weather data, the possibility of well bridging etc., and repetition of simulated spill incidents over a large number of cycles. Trace-plots of individual spills may also be generated. In association with the E & P Forum's position as technical advisers to the North West European Civil Liability Convention for Oil Pollution Damage from Offshore Operations, a study based on the North Sea areas has been made. These results and further developments of the program are discussed.

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