8-Quinolinol (oxine, 8-hydroxyquinoline) is a simple aromatic alkaloid with allelopathic, antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities. Generally, it is assumed that 8-quinolinol toxicity depends on transition metal chelation that negatively affects their availability for metalloenzymes in the cell or reactive oxygen species generation (ROS), which are formed following reduction of molecular oxygen by autoxidation of the redox active metal central atom of the 8-quinolinol complex. On the contrary, beneficial effects of 8-quinolinol and its derivatives in the medication of certain degenerative diseases are known. In this context, the activity of 8-quinolinol derivatives is attributed to their antioxidant activity following iron complex formation. To address this controversial issue, we explore the possible anti- or pro-oxidant effects of 8-quinolinol and its iron complexes in the deoxyribose degradation assay, by cyclic voltammetry and in a biological assay. The antibacterial effects of 8-quinolinol and its complex with iron were evaluated on Curtobacterium flaccumfacies and Paenibacillus amylolyticus. 8-Quinolinol showed strong antioxidant activity in the deoxyribose degradation assay. This activity may not depend exclusively on iron chelation, but probably more on the notable reducing properties of 8-quinolinol; it proved to be a more efficient antioxidant than the flavonoids catechin and quercetin. By contrast, 8-quinolinol showed no pro-oxidative effects in the deoxyribose degradation assay, both in free form and in complex with iron, as it may occur with redox cyclers. Cyclic voltammetry confirmed this too. 8-Quinolinol significantly inhibited bacterial growth and respiration. Idiosyncratically, its 50:1 mixture with iron(III) ions was less active compared with free 8-quinolinol; it even caused a U-shaped nonlinear hormetic effect on growth and failed to inhibit respiration as totally as the pure mixture; the respiration was even accelerated compared with the control as a result of lower stress. Our results support the notion that complex formation with either iron or other transition metals affects the reducing power of 8-quinolinol, but, in contrast to general assumptions, this study finds no support that complex formation with iron represents the major mode of action.
Antioxidant Compounds from Microalgae: A Review
