BackgroundSystemic delivery of checkpoint inhibitors risks the development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in up to 85% of patients.1 Localized delivery methods with slow-release kinetics have the potential to avoid systemic exposure and reduce irAEs. Direct tumor injection is extremely difficult, as saline-based solutions are rapidly excluded from the high-pressure tumor environment. Utilizing hydrogels as a delivery medium and local depot can address this shortcoming. To this end, we developed an injectable chitosan-based hydrogel for intratumoral delivery of checkpoint antibodies.MethodsHydrogelLow-viscosity, 80% deacetylated chitosan (Heppe Medical Chitosan; Halle, Germany) was reacted with 1-ethyl-3-(-3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) in the presence of β-glycerophosphate at room temperature for 48 hours. The mixture was then washed with ethanol and dried at 60°C. The resulting solid was dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at concentrations from 35–70 mg/mL.In vitro release. 300 μg/mL bovine serum albumin (BSA) labeled with fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC) as a model protein drug was loaded into the hydrogel. The hydrogel was injected through a 28g needle and incubated with PBS. Samples were taken over a week period. Release kinetics were analyzed by fitting fluorescence data to zero-order, first-order, and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. To visualize retention after injection, dye-loaded hydrogels or dye in PBS alone were injected into a 0.6 wt% agar tissue phantom.In vivo imaging and tumor treatment. Flank MC38 tumors will be established in C57BL/6 mice. At tumor volumes of 50–100 mm3, 200 ug of fluorescently labeled aCTLA-4 and aPD-L1 included in the chitosan hydrogel will be delivered intratumorally. Images will be captured using an In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS). Antitumor activity will be assessed in a separate cohort using unlabeled antibodies.ResultsThe chitosan hydrogel was found to be injectable in needles as thin as 28g. After exiting the needle, the hydrogel reformed (figure 1A). Upon injection into the tissue phantom, dyed PBS immediately leaked out, primarily through the needle track, while the dyed hydrogel was retained (figure 1B). In vitro release studies demonstrated long-term, nearly zero-order, week-long sustained release (figure 1C). In vivo retention and tumor treatment studies are ongoing.Abstract 259 Figure 1Injectable chitosan hydrogel. (A) Re-formed BSA-FITC hydrogel in 1x PBS; (B) (i) Retained hydrogel in agar tissue phantom, (ii) Excluded 1x PBS in agar tissue phantom; (C) Release kinetics in 1x PBS.ConclusionsA novel injectable chitosan hydrogel was found to provide sustained release of a large model protein over a 1–2 week period with favorable in vitro kinetics. Importantly, this hydrogel can be engineered to provide faster or slower release as needed. Ongoing studies in vivo will quantify intratumoral retention, systemic dissemination, and antitumor activity.AcknowledgementsThis work is supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.ReferenceHommes J, Verheijden R, Suijkerbuijk K, Hamann D. Biomarkers of checkpoint inhibitor induced immune-related adverse events—a comprehensive review. Front Oncol 2021;10:1–16.Ethics ApprovalAnimal use was in compliance with the Public Health Service Policy on Human Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. All experiments involving laboratory animals were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at North Carolina State University (Protocol #19–795).
Yb3+-containing chitosan hydrogels induce B-16 melanoma cell anoikis via a Fak-dependent pathway