Sex differences in behavioral and metabolic effects of gene inactivation: The neuropeptide Y and Y receptors in the brain

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 ◽  
pp. 333-347
Author(s):  
Carola Eva ◽  
Alessandra Oberto ◽  
Angela Longo ◽  
Paola Palanza ◽  
Ilaria Bertocchi
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Gene Inactivation ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Y Receptors

Neuropeptide Y Receptors: Autoradiographic Distribution in the Brain and Structure-Activity Relationships

1990 ◽  
Vol 611 (1 Central and P) ◽  
pp. 58-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
RÉMI QUIRION ◽  
JEAN-CLAUDE MARTEL ◽  
YVAN DUMONT ◽  
ALAIN CADIEUX ◽  
FRANCOIS JOLICOEUR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Structure Activity Relationships ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Y Receptors ◽  
Neuropeptide Y Receptors

scholarly journals Sex Differences in the Neuropeptide Y System and Implications for Stress Related Disorders

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxanna J. Nahvi ◽  
Esther L. Sabban
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Npy Receptor ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
The Brain

The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders by intranasal delivery to the brain. However, the vast majority of underlying research has been performed with males despite females being twice as susceptible to many stress-triggered disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anorexia nervosa, and anxiety disorders. Here, we review sex differences in the NPY system in basal and stressed conditions and how it relates to varied susceptibility to stress-related disorders. The majority of studies demonstrate that NPY expression in many brain areas under basal, unstressed conditions is lower in females than in males. This could put them at a disadvantage in dealing with stress. Knock out animals and Flinders genetic models show that NPY is important for attenuating depression in both sexes, while its effects on anxiety appear more pronounced in males. In females, NPY expression after exposure to stress may depend on age, timing, and nature and duration of the stressors and may be especially pronounced in the catecholaminergic systems. Furthermore, alterations in NPY receptor expression and affinity may contribute to the sex differences in the NPY system. Overall, the review highlights the important role of NPY and sex differences in manifestation of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Sex Differences in Cognition

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hampson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Spatial Cognition ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids were first discovered in laboratory animals, but these concepts extend to hormonal actions in the human central nervous system. This chapter begins with a brief overview of how sex steroids act in the brain and how the organizational-activational hypothesis originated in the field of endocrinology. It then reviews common methods used to study these effects in humans. Interestingly, certain cognitive functions appear to be subject to modification by sex steroids, and these endocrine influences may help explain the sex differences often seen in these functions. The chapter considers spatial cognition as a representative example because the spatial family of functions has received the most study by researchers interested in the biological roots of sex differences in cognition. The chapter reviews evidence that supports an influence of both androgens and estrogens on spatial functions, and concludes with a glimpse of where the field is headed.

scholarly journals The Role of Neuropeptide Y in the Nucleus Accumbens

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7287
Author(s):  
Masaki Tanaka ◽  
Shunji Yamada ◽  
Yoshihisa Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Characteristic Functions ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms ◽  
Fear And Anxiety ◽  
The Brain

Neuropeptide Y (NPY), an abundant peptide in the central nervous system, is expressed in neurons of various regions throughout the brain. The physiological and behavioral effects of NPY are mainly mediated through Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes, which are expressed in regions regulating food intake, fear and anxiety, learning and memory, depression, and posttraumatic stress. In particular, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) has one of the highest NPY concentrations in the brain. In this review, we summarize the role of NPY in the NAc. NPY is expressed principally in medium-sized aspiny neurons, and numerous NPY immunoreactive fibers are observed in the NAc. Alterations in NPY expression under certain conditions through intra-NAc injections of NPY or receptor agonists/antagonists revealed NPY to be involved in the characteristic functions of the NAc, such as alcohol intake and drug addiction. In addition, control of mesolimbic dopaminergic release via NPY receptors may take part in these functions. NPY in the NAc also participates in fat intake and emotional behavior. Accumbal NPY neurons and fibers may exert physiological and pathophysiological actions partly through neuroendocrine mechanisms and the autonomic nervous system.

Multifaces of neuropeptide Y in the brain – Neuroprotection, neurogenesis and neuroinflammation

Neuropeptides ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. Malva ◽  
S. Xapelli ◽  
S. Baptista ◽  
J. Valero ◽  
F. Agasse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Divergent mechanism regulating fluid intake and metabolism by the brain renin-angiotensin system

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (3) ◽  
pp. R313-R320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curt D. Sigmund
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Intracellular Form ◽  
Efferent Pathways ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

The purpose of this review is two-fold. First, I will highlight recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms regulating angiotensin II (ANG II) synthesis in the brain, focusing on evidence that renin is expressed in the brain and is expressed in two forms: a secreted form, which may catalyze extracellular ANG I generation from glial or neuronal angiotensinogen (AGT), and an intracellular form, which may generate intracellular ANG in neurons that may act as a neurotransmitter. Second, I will discuss recent studies that advance the concept that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the brain not only is a potent regulator of blood pressure and fluid intake but may also regulate metabolism. The efferent pathways regulating the blood pressure/dipsogenic effects and the metabolic effects of elevated central RAS activity appear different, with the former being dependent upon the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the latter being dependent upon an interaction between the brain and the systemic (or adipose) RAS.

Evidence for two neuropeptide Y receptors mediating vasoconstriction

1991 ◽  
Vol 203 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnes Modin ◽  
John Pernow ◽  
Jan M. Lundberg
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Y Receptors ◽  
Neuropeptide Y Receptors
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