Sex Differences in Cognition

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hampson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Spatial Cognition ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids were first discovered in laboratory animals, but these concepts extend to hormonal actions in the human central nervous system. This chapter begins with a brief overview of how sex steroids act in the brain and how the organizational-activational hypothesis originated in the field of endocrinology. It then reviews common methods used to study these effects in humans. Interestingly, certain cognitive functions appear to be subject to modification by sex steroids, and these endocrine influences may help explain the sex differences often seen in these functions. The chapter considers spatial cognition as a representative example because the spatial family of functions has received the most study by researchers interested in the biological roots of sex differences in cognition. The chapter reviews evidence that supports an influence of both androgens and estrogens on spatial functions, and concludes with a glimpse of where the field is headed.

Bone-brain crosstalk and potential associated diseases

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Rousseaud ◽  
Stephanie Moriceau ◽  
Mariana Ramos-Brossier ◽  
Franck Oury
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Intimate Relationship ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Skeletal Homeostasis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

AbstractReciprocal relationships between organs are essential to maintain whole body homeostasis. An exciting interplay between two apparently unrelated organs, the bone and the brain, has emerged recently. Indeed, it is now well established that the brain is a powerful regulator of skeletal homeostasis via a complex network of numerous players and pathways. In turn, bone via a bone-derived molecule, osteocalcin, appears as an important factor influencing the central nervous system by regulating brain development and several cognitive functions. In this paper we will discuss this complex and intimate relationship, as well as several pathologic conditions that may reinforce their potential interdependence.

The 13th J. A. F. Stevenson Memorial Lecture Sexual differentiation of the brain: possible mechanisms and implications

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 577-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. Gorski
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
Actual Structure ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The mammalian brain appears to be inherently feminine and the action of testicular hormones during development is necessary for the differentiation of the masculine brain both in terms of functional potential and actual structure. Experimental evidence for this statement is reviewed in this discussion. Recent discoveries of marked structural sex differences in the central nervous system, such as the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in the rat, offer model systems to investigate potential mechanisms by which gonadal hormones permanently modify neuronal differentiation. Although effects of these steroids on neurogenesis and neuronal migration and specification have not been conclusively eliminated, it is currently believed, but not proven, that the principle mechanism of steroid action is to maintain neuronal survival during a period of neuronal death. The structural models of the sexual differentiation of the central nervous system also provide the opportunity to identify sex differences in neurochemical distribution. Two examples in the rat brain are presented: the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus and of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers and cells in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus. It is likely that sexual dimorphisms will be found to be characteristic of many neural and neurochemical systems. The final section of this review raises the possibility that the brain of the adult may, in response to steroid action, be morphologically plastic, and considers briefly the likelihood that the brain of the human species is also influenced during development by the hormonal environment.

scholarly journals Phototherapeutic hardware complex for rehabilitation, prevention and treatment of diseases of the human central nervous system

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Hardware Complex ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Brain

Introduction. The significant prevalence of vascular diseases of the brain, the complexity of dysfunc- tion, put the problems of their treatment, rehabilitation and prevention into the focus of attention of modern neurology. A stroke occurs in the United States every 45 seconds. Approximately 750,000 people a year suffer from a stroke in the United States. According to statistics from the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, more than 110,000 primary strokes are recorded annually in the country. No less serious disease of the human central nervous system is Alzheimer’s disease. Each year, more than 500,000 Americans die from this disease, making it the third leading cause of death in the United States. Traffic accidents, local military conflicts, some sports form a very numerous specific group of patients with craniocerebral injuries. Aim — to develop a phototherapeutic hardware complex for the prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of vascular, inflammatory, degenerative, post-traumatic and other brain diseases that are difficult amenable to medical treatment including pharmacoresistant indomitable pain syndromes. Materials and methods. The low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of the optical range of the spectrum and the magnetic field of a permanent magnet are physical factors that are used in phototherapeutic complex devices. Results. A phototherapy apparatus complex has been developed for the prevention, treatment and reha- bilitation of vascular, inflammatory, degenerative, post-traumatic and other brain diseases that are difficult to treat with drugs. The phototherapeutic hardware complex includes three devices: the modified photon-mag- netic apparatus Korobov-Posokhov “Barva-CNS/FM”, the photon-magnetic matrices A.Korobov - V.Korobov “Barva-Laryngologist/FM” and flexible photon-magnetic matrices A.Korobov - V.Korobov “Barva-Flex/24FM”. Conclusions. The presented clinical observations obtained using the developed phototherapeutic hard-ware complex for the treatment and prevention of diseases of the brain indicate high efficacy and safety of long-term low-intensity phototherapy in patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy, with suffered ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, with hypertensive disease.

scholarly journals Book Review: The Brain Atlas: A Visual Guide to the Human Central Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Lapalme-Remis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Atlas ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

3rd ed. Thomas A. Woolsey, Joseph Hanaway, Mokhtar H. Gado.

scholarly journals Nos2-/- mice infected with M. tuberculosis develop neurobehavioral changes and immunopathology mimicking human central nervous system tuberculosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Ying Poh ◽  
Jia Mei Hong ◽  
Chen Bai ◽  
Qing Hao Miow ◽  
Pei Min Thong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
The Brain

Understanding the pathophysiology of central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) is hampered by the lack of a good pre-clinical model that mirrors the human CNS-TB infection. We developed a murine CNS-TB model that demonstrates neurobehavioral changes with similar immunopathology with human CNS-TB. Intra-cerebroventricular (i.c.vent.) infection of Nos2-/- mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) led to development of neurological signs and more severe brain granulomas compared to C3HeB/FeJ mice. Compared with CDC1551 M.tb, H37Rv M.tb infection resulted in a higher neurobehavioral score and earlier mortality. I.c.vent. infection caused necrotic neutrophil-dominated pyogranulomas in the brain relative to intravenous (i.v.) infection which resulted in disseminated granulomas and mycobacteraemia. Immunological analysis found H37Rv i.c.vent.-infected mice to demonstrate higher brain concentrations of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecule ICAM-1 than H37Rv i.v.-infected mice. Our murine CNS-TB model serves as a pre-clinical platform to dissect host-pathogen interactions and evaluate therapeutic agents for CNS-TB. 

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