scholarly journals Nausea and the Brain: The Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone Enters the Molecular Age

Neuron ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-393
Author(s):  
Wenfei Han ◽  
Ivan E. de Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone ◽  
Trigger Zone ◽  
The Brain

The Effect of Superdisintegrants on the Dissolution of Promethazine. HCl Fast Dissolving Tablets

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 867-871
Author(s):  
Ganesh kumar Gudas ◽  
Manasa B ◽  
Senthil Kumaran K ◽  
Rajesham V V ◽  
Kiran Kumar S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Content Uniformity ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Enhanced Dissolution ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Compressibility Index ◽  
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone ◽  
Trigger Zone ◽  
Standard Limit

Promethazine.HCl is a potent anti-emetic. The central antimuscarinic actions of antihistamines are probably responsible for their anti-emetic effects. Promethazine is also believed to inhibit the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone, and antagonize apomorphine -induced vomiting. Fast dissolving tablets of Promethazine.HCl were prepared using five superdisintegrants viz; sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, croscarmellose, L-HPC and pregelatinised starch. The precompression blend was tested for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner’s ratio. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time (1 min), dissolution rate, content uniformity, and were found to be within standard limit. It was concluded that the fast dissolving tablets with proper hardness, rapidly disintegrating with enhanced dissolution can be made using selected superdisintegrants. Among the different formulations of Promethazine.HCl was prepared and studied and the formulation S2 containing crospovidone, mannitol and microcrystalline cellulose combination was found to be the fast dissolving formulation. In the present study an attempt has been made to prepare fast dissolving tablets of Promethazine.HCl, by using different superdisintegrants with enhanced disintegration and dissolution rate. 

Emetic Action of Nitrogen Mustard (Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride) in Dogs and Cats

1958 ◽  
Vol 192 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Borison ◽  
E. D. Brand ◽  
R. K. Orkand
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Amine Hydrochloride ◽  
Dorsal Rhizotomy ◽  
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone ◽  
Spinal Segments ◽  
Trigger Zone ◽  
Frontal Lobectomy

The early emetic response (within 4 hr.) after intravenous injection of the nitrogen mustard, methyl-bis (beta-chlorethyl) amine hydrochloride, was compared in dogs and cats. The emetic effect of the drug in dogs differed from that in cats in the following respects: a) the dose of 0.5 mg/kg was uniformly effective in dogs whereas the lowest uniformly effective dose in cats was 5.0 mg/kg. b) Dogs were completely protected against the emetic effect, up to 10.0 mg/kg, by chronic ablation of the medullary emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone (CT zone), whereas cats were not. Cats were completely protected against the emetic effect by abdominal deafferentation accomplished by transthoracic vagotomy in combination with either spinal cord transection at T4 or dorsal rhizotomy of spinal segments T5 to T10. The dose-response curve for emesis after nitrogen mustard in the cat was shifted towards a higher dose level by acute decerebration. A forebrain facilitatory role was further supported by a protective effect, against the mustard-induced vomiting, afforded by chronic frontal lobectomy in the cat. Attention is directed to the similarity in emetic actions of nitrogen mustard and x-radiation, including parallel species differences between dogs and cats.

Role of medullary emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone (CT zone) in postnephrectomy vomiting in dogs

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (4) ◽  
pp. 850-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Borison ◽  
L. M. Hebertson
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Bilateral Nephrectomy ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone ◽  
Serum Chloride ◽  
Trigger Zone

Latencies for vomiting following bilateral nephrectomy in control dogs, after gut denervation by transthoracic vagotomy and spinal cord transection at T4, and after ineffective ablation of the CT zone, were all within a range of 16–48 hours. By contrast, in dogs with effective lesions of the CT zone, the latency for vomiting after nephrectomy was prolonged to a range of 54–147 hours and two dogs died after 5 and 6 days, respectively, without vomiting. Chlorpromazine and morphine did not prolong the latency for vomiting after nephrectomy. Guanidine hydrochloride, 75 mg/kg i.v., evoked vomiting in all of seven control dogs, but only in one of nine dogs with effective lesions of the CT zone. Except for a more rapid decline of serum chloride in control dogs, serum sodium, potassium, bicarbonate and blood urea nitrogen followed the same pattern after nephrectomy in control and CT-zone ablated dogs.

Domperidone - a new anti-emetic

1983 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 47-48
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Intestinal Motility ◽  
Lower Oesophageal Sphincter ◽  
Dopamine Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone ◽  
Trigger Zone ◽  
Peripheral Action

Domperidone (Motilium - Janssen), like metoclopramide (Maxolon, Primperan),1 is a dopamine receptor antagonist. The anti-emetic properties of both drugs are due to two actions: a central one on the chemoreceptor trigger zone (which is functionally outside the blood-brain barrier) and a peripheral action on gastro-intestinal motility and on the lower oesophageal sphincter. The manufacturer claims that as domperidone does not penetrate to the basal ganglia it causes fewer dystonic reactions than metoclopramide. A detailed review has been published.2

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