Role of medullary emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone (CT zone) in postnephrectomy vomiting in dogs

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (4) ◽  
pp. 850-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Borison ◽  
L. M. Hebertson
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Bilateral Nephrectomy ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone ◽  
Serum Chloride ◽  
Trigger Zone

Latencies for vomiting following bilateral nephrectomy in control dogs, after gut denervation by transthoracic vagotomy and spinal cord transection at T4, and after ineffective ablation of the CT zone, were all within a range of 16–48 hours. By contrast, in dogs with effective lesions of the CT zone, the latency for vomiting after nephrectomy was prolonged to a range of 54–147 hours and two dogs died after 5 and 6 days, respectively, without vomiting. Chlorpromazine and morphine did not prolong the latency for vomiting after nephrectomy. Guanidine hydrochloride, 75 mg/kg i.v., evoked vomiting in all of seven control dogs, but only in one of nine dogs with effective lesions of the CT zone. Except for a more rapid decline of serum chloride in control dogs, serum sodium, potassium, bicarbonate and blood urea nitrogen followed the same pattern after nephrectomy in control and CT-zone ablated dogs.

Emetic Action of Nitrogen Mustard (Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride) in Dogs and Cats

1958 ◽  
Vol 192 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Borison ◽  
E. D. Brand ◽  
R. K. Orkand
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Nitrogen Mustard ◽  
Amine Hydrochloride ◽  
Dorsal Rhizotomy ◽  
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone ◽  
Spinal Segments ◽  
Trigger Zone ◽  
Frontal Lobectomy

The early emetic response (within 4 hr.) after intravenous injection of the nitrogen mustard, methyl-bis (beta-chlorethyl) amine hydrochloride, was compared in dogs and cats. The emetic effect of the drug in dogs differed from that in cats in the following respects: a) the dose of 0.5 mg/kg was uniformly effective in dogs whereas the lowest uniformly effective dose in cats was 5.0 mg/kg. b) Dogs were completely protected against the emetic effect, up to 10.0 mg/kg, by chronic ablation of the medullary emetic chemoreceptor trigger zone (CT zone), whereas cats were not. Cats were completely protected against the emetic effect by abdominal deafferentation accomplished by transthoracic vagotomy in combination with either spinal cord transection at T4 or dorsal rhizotomy of spinal segments T5 to T10. The dose-response curve for emesis after nitrogen mustard in the cat was shifted towards a higher dose level by acute decerebration. A forebrain facilitatory role was further supported by a protective effect, against the mustard-induced vomiting, afforded by chronic frontal lobectomy in the cat. Attention is directed to the similarity in emetic actions of nitrogen mustard and x-radiation, including parallel species differences between dogs and cats.

scholarly journals SERUM ELECTROLYTE ESTIMATATION AS AN EARLY PREDICATOR FOR GRADING SEVERITY OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Sonu Kumar ◽  
Anuradha Singh ◽  
Prashant Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Hepatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Observation Study ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Spss Software

*AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:- 1) Alteration in the level of Serum Sodium,Potassium and Chloride in hepatic encephalopathy. 2) Correlation of these levels with severity of hepatic encephalopathy due to various causes. 3) The role of Serum Sodium,Potassium and Chloride as a predictor for grading of severity of hepatic encephalopathy. *STUDY-DESIGN:- Prospective observation study (a) Inclusion criteria:- All children with clinical and biochemical evidence of liver dysfunction having neuropsychiatric changes were included. (b) Exclusion criteria:- Cases with meningioencephalitis and other cases of encephalopathy will be excluded. * SETTING:- Upgraded department of Paediatrics,PMCH,Patna. *STUDY GROUP:- All children with hepatic encephalopathy, they were admitted in paediatrics ward of Patna Medical College and Hospital,Patna,during the period of Jan 2018 to Dec-2019. *PLAN FOR STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:- Statistical analysis was done by using Descriptive Statistics,Standard Deviation,Standard Error of Mean and using SPSS Software .

Abstract 433: Serum Chloride is an Independent and Robust Predictor of Mortality Than Serum Sodium, Potassium or Bicarbonate in Hypertensive Patients

Hypertension ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linsay McCallum ◽  
Panniyammakkal Jeemon ◽  
Matthew Walters ◽  
Scott Muir ◽  
Anna F Dominiczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Serum Chloride ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Design And Methods

Objectives: Extremes of serum Na + , K + and HCO 3 have been associated with poorer outcomes. The role of serum Cl - has been largely considered to be linked to serum Na + and HCO 3 levels. Design and Methods: We studied the association of serum and other serum electrolytes in relation to mortality outcomes in 13,415 hypertensive patients attending the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic (GBPC) with serum Cl - assessed at the registration visit. Cox proportional hazards (Cox-PH) models were used for survival analysis. To determine whether Cl - effects are independent of low serum sodium, we performed the analysis in subjects with Na + >135 and stratified by Na + and Cl - levels. Results: The total time at risk was 197,101 person years during which 3,373 all-cause deaths occurred. Compared to quintile 1 (Cl - <=100), each higher quintile of Cl - was associated with lower mortality (H.R.[95%C.I.]0.82[0.74-0.90];0.79[0.71-0.87];0.79[0.70-0.89];0.80[0.68-0.93]) after adjustment for all conventional risk factors, other serum electrolytes and diuretic use (Figure-1). In the subset with Na + >135, each unit increase in Cl - was associated with a 3% reduction in mortality(H.R =0.97 CI:0.96-0.98). Finally subjects with Na + >135&Cl - >100(reference) had the best survival and those with Na + <135 and Cl - <100 the poorest survival. The group with normal Na + >135 and Cl - <100 had significantly higher mortality than the reference group (1.21[1.11-1.31]). Conclusion: Serum Cl - independently predicts mortality outcomes in the hypertensive population irrespective of serum Na + , K + and HCO 3 levels.

scholarly journals Role of the chemoreceptor trigger zone in cyclopropane induced emesis in dogs

1971 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
R. P. BADOLA ◽  
K. P. BHARGAVA ◽  
K. S. DIXIT ◽  
C. K. RATRA
Keyword(s):  
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone ◽  
Trigger Zone

scholarly journals SENILE CATARACT PATIENTS

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (09) ◽  
pp. 1186-1191
Author(s):  
Aniqa Mansoor ◽  
Roquyya Gul ◽  
Tayyaba Gul Malik ◽  
Muhammad Khalil ◽  
Rabail Alam
Keyword(s):  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Senile Cataract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Serum Chloride ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Cataract Patients

Purpose: The current study was aimed at finding out the significance of serumelectrolytes and serum calcium levels in the development of senile cataract. Study Design:Case control study. Setting: Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Period: Jan2013 to June 2013. Methods: Total fifty patients with senile cataract and fifty controls wereselected. Clinical history and clinical diagnostic tests were performed by an ophthalmologist.Blood samples were drawn and serum stored at -20o C. Serum potassium and sodiumwere measured by Flame photometry. Serum chloride levels were estimated by quantitativedisplacement of thiocyanate by chloride. The estimation of calcium was done using photometryby CPC method. Statistical analysis was done by Statistical package for social sciences (SPSSversion 16.0). There were 31 females and 19 male (F:M = 1.63:1) patients. In the control group,there were 32 females and 18 males (F:M = 1.77:1). The age was ≥ 40 years in both patientsand control group. Results: Nuclear cataract was the commonest. Among all the analytes,only serum calcium levels were found to be significantly lower in patients (p value less than0.05 as compared to controls). While difference of sodium, potassium and chloride levelsbetween cases and controls was insignificant. (p values 0.49, 0.36, and 0.45 respectively).Conclusions: In Pakistan, serum electrolytes in cataract patients are not significantly differentfrom the controls while serum Calcium of cataract patients is significantly low when comparedwith the control group, indicating the possible role of low calcium level as a risk factor in thedevelopment of senile cataract.

The Effect of Superdisintegrants on the Dissolution of Promethazine. HCl Fast Dissolving Tablets

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 867-871
Author(s):  
Ganesh kumar Gudas ◽  
Manasa B ◽  
Senthil Kumaran K ◽  
Rajesham V V ◽  
Kiran Kumar S ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Content Uniformity ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Enhanced Dissolution ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Compressibility Index ◽  
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone ◽  
Trigger Zone ◽  
Standard Limit

Promethazine.HCl is a potent anti-emetic. The central antimuscarinic actions of antihistamines are probably responsible for their anti-emetic effects. Promethazine is also believed to inhibit the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone, and antagonize apomorphine -induced vomiting. Fast dissolving tablets of Promethazine.HCl were prepared using five superdisintegrants viz; sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, croscarmellose, L-HPC and pregelatinised starch. The precompression blend was tested for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner’s ratio. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, disintegration time (1 min), dissolution rate, content uniformity, and were found to be within standard limit. It was concluded that the fast dissolving tablets with proper hardness, rapidly disintegrating with enhanced dissolution can be made using selected superdisintegrants. Among the different formulations of Promethazine.HCl was prepared and studied and the formulation S2 containing crospovidone, mannitol and microcrystalline cellulose combination was found to be the fast dissolving formulation. In the present study an attempt has been made to prepare fast dissolving tablets of Promethazine.HCl, by using different superdisintegrants with enhanced disintegration and dissolution rate. 

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