Paradoxical kinesia induced by appetitive 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats depends on glutamatergic mechanisms in the inferior colliculus

The inferior colliculus (IC) receives prominent projections from centralized neuromodulatory systems. These systems include extra-auditory clusters of cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic neurons. Although these modulatory sites are not explicitly part of the auditory system, they receive projections from primary auditory regions and are responsive to acoustic stimuli. This bidirectional influence suggests the existence of auditory-modulatory feedback loops. A characteristic of neuromodulatory centers is that they integrate inputs from anatomically widespread and functionally diverse sets of brain regions. This connectivity gives neuromodulatory systems the potential to import information into the auditory system on situational variables that accompany acoustic stimuli, such as context, internal state, or experience. Once released, neuromodulators functionally reconfigure auditory circuitry through a variety of receptors expressed by auditory neurons. In addition to shaping ascending auditory information, neuromodulation within the IC influences behaviors that arise subcortically, such as prepulse inhibition of the startle response. Neuromodulatory systems therefore provide a route for integrative behavioral information to access auditory processing from its earliest levels.

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Responses of single units in cerebellar vermis of the cat to monaural and binaural stimuli

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1975.38.2.418 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 418-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

L. M. Aitkin ◽

J. Boyd

Keyword(s):

Inferior Colliculus ◽

Cochlear Nucleus ◽

Single Units ◽

Intensity Difference ◽

Cerebellar Neurons ◽

Monaural Stimulation ◽

Sustained Responses ◽

Maximal Discharge ◽

Onset Responses ◽

Stimulation Of

The responses of 146 cerebellar neurons to tone stimuli were studied in 29 cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethan and in 7 decerebrate preparations. Units were classified as onset or sustained firing. Onset spikes occurred on stimulation of either ear and showed binaural facilitation, while sustained discharges were frequently only excited by monaural stimulation. The latent periods of sustained discharges appeared to be shorter than those of onset responses, and sustained discharges were also more sharply tuned than the onset units. Evidence was presented suggesting that onset responses reflected input from the inferior colliculus and sustained responses, the cochlear nucleus. The sterotyped facilitatory behavior of onset units suggested that a maximal discharge might occur if sounds were of equal intensity at each ear; 26 neurons were examined with variable interaural time or intensity differences and 10 of these exhibited maximal firing when the interaural time and intensity difference was zero--i.e., if the sound was located directly in front of the head.

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Single-Unit Responses in the Inferior Colliculus of Decerebrate Cats II. Sensitivity to Interaural Level Differences

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1999.82.1.164 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 164-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Kevin A. Davis ◽

Ramnarayan Ramachandran ◽

Bradford J. May

Keyword(s):

Frequency Response ◽

Inferior Colliculus ◽

Free Field ◽

Central Nucleus ◽

Type I ◽

Discharge Rates ◽

Ipsilateral Stimulation ◽

Interaural Level Differences ◽

Type V ◽

Decerebrate Cats

Single units in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of unanesthetized decerebrate cats can be grouped into three distinct types (V, I, and O) according to the patterns of excitation and inhibition revealed in contralateral frequency response maps. This study extends the description of these response types by assessing their ipsilateral and binaural response map properties. Here the nature of ipsilateral inputs is evaluated directly using frequency response maps and compared with results obtained from methods that rely on sensitivity to interaural level differences (ILDs). In general, there is a one-to-one correspondence between observed ipsilateral input characteristics and those inferred from ILD manipulations. Type V units receive ipsilateral excitation and show binaural facilitation (EE properties); type I and type O units receive ipsilateral inhibition and show binaural excitatory/inhibitory (EI) interactions. Analyses of binaural frequency response maps show that these ILD effects extend over the entire receptive field of ICC units. Thus the range of frequencies that elicits excitation from type V units is expanded with increasing levels of ipsilateral stimulation, whereas the excitatory bandwidth of type I and O units decreases under the same binaural conditions. For the majority of ICC units, application of bicuculline, an antagonist for GABAA-mediated inhibition, does not alter the basic effects of binaural stimulation; rather, it primarily increases spontaneous and maximum discharge rates. These results support our previous interpretations of the putative dominant inputs to ICC response types and have important implications for midbrain processing of competing free-field sounds that reach the listener with different directional signatures.

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Diazepam attenuates the effects of cocaine on locomotion, 50‐kHz ultrasonic vocalizations and phasic dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of rats

British Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.1111/bph.15658 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

William N. Sanchez ◽

Jose A. Pochapski ◽

Leticia F. Jessen ◽

Marek Ellenberger ◽

Rainer K. Schwarting ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nucleus Accumbens ◽

Ultrasonic Vocalizations

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Acupuncture Alleviates Anxiety and 22-kHz Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats Subjected to Repeated Alcohol Administration by Modulating the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Signaling Pathway

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22084037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (8) ◽

pp. 4037

Author(s):

Su Yeon Seo ◽

Se Kyun Bang ◽

Suk Yun Kang ◽

Seong Jin Cho ◽

Kwang Ho Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Emotions ◽

Acupuncture Point ◽

Repeated Administration ◽

Ultrasonic Vocalizations ◽

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽

Releasing Hormone ◽

Alcohol Administration ◽

Heart Meridian ◽

Mature Brain ◽

Neurotropic Factor

The Shenmen point (acupuncture point heart 7: HT7), located in the heart meridian, is frequently used to treat mental disorders, including drug addiction, anxiety, and depression. This study aimed to determine how HT7 regulates anxiety and negative emotions caused by repeated alcohol administration, focusing on the amygdala and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Repeated administration of alcohol (ETOH; 2 g/kg, i.p. injection, 16% v/v) for 14 days increased the corticosterone (CORT) levels, and HT7 stimulation reduced the plasma CORT levels. HT7 stimulation mitigated anxiety-like behaviors and reduced 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats receiving repeated ETOH injections. HT7 stimulation increased the amygdala expression of mature brain-derived neurotropic factor (mBDNF) and phosphorylated tropomyosin receptor kinase B (pTrkB) and decreased the PVN corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression. Amygdala microinjections of the TrkB antagonist ANA-12 (0.1 pmol/1 μL) reversed the increase in PVN CRH levels. The reduced PVN CRH levels were regulated by CRH-expressing neurons in the amygdala, and the increased amygdala CRH levels were affected by the HT7-stimulation induced increases in mBDNF. HT7 stimulation alleviates increased stress hormone levels and mitigates anxiety and negative emotions caused by repeated ETOH administration. These results provide scientific support for the clinical use of acupuncture to treat various alcoholism-induced diseases.

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