Compensatory projections of primary sensory fibers in lumbar spinal cord after neonatal thoracic spinal transection in rats

Neuroscience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 304 ◽  
pp. 349-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Takiguchi ◽  
Y. Atobe ◽  
T. Kadota ◽  
K. Funakoshi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Transection ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Lumbar Spinal ◽  
Sensory Fibers

Lipomeningocele associated with diplomyelia in a dog

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (05) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nele Ondreka ◽  
Sara Malberg ◽  
Emma Laws ◽  
Martin Schmidt ◽  
Sabine Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Split Cord Malformation ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Subcutaneous Mass ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

SummaryA 2-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog with a body weight of 30 kg was presented for evaluation of a soft subcutaneous mass on the dorsal midline at the level of the caudal thoracic spine. A further clinical sign was intermittent pain on palpation of the area of the subcutaneous mass. The owner also described a prolonged phase of urination with repeated interruption and re-initiation of voiding. The findings of the neurological examination were consistent with a lesion localization between the 3rd thoracic and 3rd lumbar spinal cord segments. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a spina bifida with a lipomeningocele and diplomyelia (split cord malformation type I) at the level of thoracic vertebra 11 and 12 and secondary syringomyelia above the aforementioned defects in the caudal thoracic spinal cord. Surgical resection of the lipomeningocele via a hemilaminectomy was performed. After initial deterioration of the neurological status postsurgery with paraplegia and absent deep pain sensation the dog improved within 2 weeks to non-ambulatory paraparesis with voluntary urination. Six weeks postoperatively the dog was ambulatory, according to the owner. Two years after surgery the owner recorded that the dog showed a normal gait, a normal urination and no pain. Histopathological diagnosis of the biopsied material revealed a lipomeningocele which confirmed the radiological diagnosis.

The Effect of a Thoracic Spinal Block on Fos Expression in the Lumbar Spinal Cord of the Rat Induced by a Noxious Electrical Stimulus at the Hindpaw

2009 ◽  
Vol 109 (5) ◽  
pp. 1659-1665
Author(s):  
Janneke L. P. Giele ◽  
Anneke F. Nabers ◽  
Jan G. Veening ◽  
Jan van Egmond ◽  
Kris C. P. Vissers
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Stimulus ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Block ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Fos Expression ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

Anaplastic Astrocytoma in the Spinal Cord of an African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 934-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Gibson ◽  
N. M. A. Parry ◽  
R. M. Jakowski ◽  
D. Eshar
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Anaplastic Astrocytoma ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Postmortem Examination ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Cellular Infiltration ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

A 2–year-old, female hedgehog presented with an 8–month history of progressive, ascending paresis/paralysis and was tentatively diagnosed with wobbly hedgehog syndrome. She died awaiting further diagnostic tests, and the owners consented to postmortem examination. Grossly, the bladder was large and flaccid and the cervical and lumbar spinal cord were regionally enlarged, light grey, and friable with multifocal hemorrhages. The thoracic spinal cord was grossly normal. Microscopically all regions of the spinal cord had similar changes, although the cervical and lumbar sections were most severely affected. These regions were completely effaced by a moderately cellular infiltration of highly pleomorphic polygonal to spindle shaped cells, mineralization, and necrosis, which were most consistent with anaplastic astrocytoma. The thoracic spinal cord white matter was similarly infiltrated by the neoplastic cells, with perivascular extension into the otherwise normal grey matter. A diagnosis of anaplastic astrocytoma was confirmed using immunohistochemical stains that were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100.

scholarly journals Neuromuscular interaction is required for neurotrophins-mediated locomotor recovery following treadmill training in rat spinal cord injury

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinfeng Wu ◽  
Yana Cao ◽  
Chuanming Dong ◽  
Hongxing Wang ◽  
Qinghua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Botulinum Toxin A ◽  
Treadmill Training ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Transection ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

Recent results have shown that exercise training promotes the recovery of injured rat distal spinal cords, but are still unclear about the function of skeletal muscle in this process. Herein, rats with incomplete thoracic (T10) spinal cord injuries (SCI) with a dual spinal lesion model were subjected to four weeks of treadmill training and then were treated with complete spinal transection at T8. We found that treadmill training retained hind limb motor function after incomplete SCI, even with a heavy load after complete spinal transection. Moreover, treadmill training alleviated the secondary injury in distal lumbar spinal motor neurons, and enhanced BDNF/TrkB expression in the lumbar spinal cord. To discover the influence of skeletal muscle contractile activity on motor function and gene expression, we adopted botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) to block the neuromuscular activity of the rat gastrocnemius muscle. BTX-A treatment inhibited the effects of treadmill training on motor function and BDNF/TrKB expression. These results indicated that treadmill training through the skeletal muscle-motor nerve-spinal cord retrograde pathway regulated neuralplasticity in the mammalian central nervous system, which induced the expression of related neurotrophins and promoted motor function recovery.

Steady-State Levels of Monoamines in the Rat Lumbar Spinal Cord: Spatial Mapping and the Effect of Acute Spinal Cord Injury

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 567-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian R. Noga ◽  
Alberto Pinzon ◽  
Riza P. Mesigil ◽  
Ian D. Hentall
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Spinal Injury ◽  
Intermediate Zone ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
Locomotor Rhythms ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

Monoamines in the spinal cord are important in the regulation of locomotor rhythms, nociception, and motor reflexes. To gain further insight into the control of these functions, the steady-state extracellular distribution of monoamines was mapped in the anesthetized rat's lumbar spinal cord. The effect of acute spinal cord lesions at sites selected for high resting levels was determined over ∼1 h to estimate contributions to resting levels from tonic descending activity and to delineate chemical changes that may influence the degree of pathology and recovery after spinal injury. Measurements employed fast cyclic voltammetry with carbon fiber microelectrodes to give high spatial resolution. Monoamine oxidation currents, sampled at equal vertical spacings within each segment, were displayed as contours over the boundaries delineated by histologically reconstructed electrode tracks. Monoamine oxidation currents were found in well defined foci, often confined within a single lamina. Larger currents were typically found in the dorsal or ventral horns and in the lateral aspect of the intermediate zone. Cooling of the low-thoracic spinal cord led to a decrease in the oxidation current (to 71–85% of control) in dorsal and ventral horns. Subsequent low-thoracic transection produced a transient increase in signal in some animals followed by a longer lasting decrease to levels similar to or below that with cooling (to 17–86% of control values). We conclude that descending fibers tonically release high amounts of monoamines in localized regions of the dorsal and ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord at rest. Lower amounts of monoamines were detected in medial intermediate zone areas, where strong release may be needed for descending activation of locomotor rhythms.

scholarly journals Left-right side-specific endocrine signaling complements neural pathways to mediate acute asymmetric effects of brain injury

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Lukoyanov ◽  
Hiroyuki Watanabe ◽  
Liliana S Carvalho ◽  
Olga Kononenko ◽  
Daniil Sarkisyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Postural Asymmetry ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

Brain injuries can interrupt descending neural pathways that convey motor commands from the cortex to spinal motoneurons. Here, we demonstrate that a unilateral injury of the hindlimb sensorimotor cortex of rats with completely transected thoracic spinal cord produces hindlimb postural asymmetry with contralateral flexion and asymmetric hindlimb withdrawal reflexes within 3 hr, as well as asymmetry in gene expression patterns in the lumbar spinal cord. The injury-induced postural effects were abolished by hypophysectomy and were mimicked by transfusion of serum from animals with brain injury. Administration of the pituitary neurohormones β-endorphin or Arg-vasopressin-induced side-specific hindlimb responses in naive animals, while antagonists of the opioid and vasopressin receptors blocked hindlimb postural asymmetry in rats with brain injury. Thus, in addition to the well-established involvement of motor pathways descending from the brain to spinal circuits, the side-specific humoral signaling may also add to postural and reflex asymmetries seen after brain injury.

scholarly journals Rostral lumbar segments are the key controllers of hindlimb locomotor rhythmicity in the adult spinal rat

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
pp. 585-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury Gerasimenko ◽  
Chet Preston ◽  
Hui Zhong ◽  
Roland R. Roy ◽  
V. Reggie Edgerton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Epidural Stimulation ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

The precise location and functional organization of the spinal neuronal locomotor-related networks in adult mammals remain unclear. Our recent neurophysiological findings provided empirical evidence that the rostral lumbar spinal cord segments play a critical role in the initiation and generation of the rhythmic activation patterns necessary for hindlimb locomotion in adult spinal rats. Since added epidural stimulation at the S1 segments significantly enhanced the motor output generated by L2 stimulation, these data also suggested that the sacral spinal cord provides a strong facilitory influence in rhythm initiation and generation. However, whether L2 will initiate hindlimb locomotion in the absence of S1 segments, and whether S1 segments can facilitate locomotion in the absence of L2 segments remain unknown. Herein, adult rats received complete spinal cord transections at T8 and then at either L2 or S1. Rats with spinal cord transections at T8 and S1 remained capable of generating coordinated hindlimb locomotion when receiving epidural stimulation at L2 and when ensembles of locomotor related loadbearing input were present. In contrast, minimal locomotion was observed when S1 stimulation was delivered after spinal cord transections at T8 and L2. Results were similar when the nonspecific serotonergic agonists were administered. These results demonstrate in adult rats that rostral lumbar segments are essential for the regulation of hindlimb locomotor rhythmicity. In addition, the more caudal spinal networks alone cannot control locomotion in the absence of the rostral segments around L2 even when loadbearing rhythmic proprioceptive afferent input is imposed. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The exact location of the spinal neuronal locomotor-related networks in adult mammals remains unknown. The present data demonstrate that when the rostral lumbar spinal segments (~L2) are completely eliminated in thoracic spinal adult rats, hindlimb stepping is not possible with neurochemical modulation of the lumbosacral cord. In contrast, eliminating the sacral cord retains stepping ability. These observations highlight the importance of rostral lumbar segments in generating effective mammalian locomotion.

scholarly journals Effects of Rehabilitation on Perineural Nets and Synaptic Plasticity Following Spinal Cord Transection

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 824
Author(s):  
Yazi D. Al’joboori ◽  
V. Reggie Edgerton ◽  
Ronaldo M. Ichiyama
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Locomotor Training ◽  
Post Injury ◽  
Spinal Transection ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Synaptic Changes ◽  
Lumbar Spinal ◽  
Functional Gain

Epidural electrical stimulation (ES) of the lumbar spinal cord combined with daily locomotor training has been demonstrated to enhance stepping ability after complete spinal transection in rodents and clinically complete spinal injuries in humans. Although functional gain is observed, plasticity mechanisms associated with such recovery remain mostly unclear. Here, we investigated how ES and locomotor training affected expression of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG), perineuronal nets (PNN), and synaptic plasticity on spinal motoneurons. To test this, adult rats received a complete spinal transection (T9–T10) followed by daily locomotor training performed under ES with administration of quipazine (a serotonin (5-HT) agonist) starting 7 days post-injury (dpi). Excitatory and inhibitory synaptic changes were examined at 7, 21, and 67 dpi in addition to PNN and CSPG expression. The total amount of CSPG expression significantly increased with time after injury, with no effect of training. An interesting finding was that γ-motoneurons did not express PNNs, whereas α-motoneurons demonstrated well-defined PNNs. This remarkable difference is reflected in the greater extent of synaptic changes observed in γ-motoneurons compared to α-motoneurons. A medium negative correlation between CSPG expression and changes in putative synapses around α-motoneurons was found, but no correlation was identified for γ-motoneurons. These results suggest that modulation of γ-motoneuron activity is an important mechanism associated with functional recovery induced by locomotor training under ES after a complete spinal transection.

Antinociception of Heterotopic Electro-Acupuncture Mediated by the Dorsolateral Funiculus

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 251-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung Jae Lee ◽  
Yeoung Su Lyu ◽  
Hyung Won Kang ◽  
In Churl Sohn ◽  
Sungtae Koo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Endogenous Opioids ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Cord ◽  
Formalin Injection ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Inhibitory Pathways ◽  
Thoracic Spinal ◽  
Antinociceptive Effects ◽  
Dorsolateral Funiculus ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

We investigated the inhibitory pathways that mediate the antinociceptive effects of heterotopic electro-acupuncture (EA) on formalin injection-induced pain in rats. EA (2 ms, 10 Hz, 3 mA) was delivered to heterotopic acupoints HT7 and PC7 for 30 min; this was followed immediately by subcutaneous injection of formalin into the left hind paw of rats. Naltrexone (10 mg/kg, i.p.), an opioid receptor antagonist, was administered to evaluate the involvement of endogenous opioids. The dorsolateral funiculus (DLF), which is a descending pathway that inhibits pain, was transected at the ipsilateral T10–11 level of the thoracic spinal cord. EA inhibited behavioral responses to formalin injection-induced pain and prevented the pain-induced increase in cFos expression in the lumbar spinal cord. Pretreatment with naltrexone did not inhibit the antinociceptive effects of EA on formalin injection-induced pain. Transection of the DLF ipsilateral to the acupuncture site eliminated the antinociceptive effects of EA. These results suggest that the antinociceptive effects of heterotopic EA are mediated by the DLF and not by endogenous opioids.

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