CTLA-4, an Ig superfamily molecule with homology to CD28, is one of the most potent negative regulators of T-cell responses. In vivo blockade of CTLA-4 exacerbates autoimmunity, enhances tumor-specific T-cell responses, and may inhibit the induction of T-cell anergy. Clinical trials of CTLA-4–blocking antibodies to augment T-cell responses to malignant melanoma are at an advanced stage; however, little is known about the effects of CTLA-4 blockade on memory CD8+T-cell responses and the formation and maintenance of long-term CD8+T-cell memory. In our studies, we show that during in vivo memory CD8+T-cell responses toListeria monocytogenesinfection, CTLA-4 blockade enhances bacterial clearance and increases memory CD8+T-cell expansion. This is followed by an accumulation of memory cells that are capable of producing the effector cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. We also demonstrate that in a vaccination setting, blocking CTLA-4 during CD8+T-cell priming leads to increased expansion and maintenance of antigen-specific memory CD8+T cells without adversely affecting the overall T-cell repertoire. This leads to an increase in memory cell effector function and improved protective immunity against further bacterial challenges. These results indicate that transient blockade of CTLA-4 enhances memory CD8+T-cell responses and support the possible use of CTLA-4–blocking antibodies during vaccination to augment memory formation and maintenance.
Oncolytic measles vaccines encoding PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint blocking antibodies to increase tumor-specific T cell memory
