Many Australian oils are rich in paraffin waxes which are derived from the remains of terrestrial plants. Although the land-plant contribution to oils, particularly those found in a paralic or deltaic environment, is well established, opinion is divided on the ability of non-marine coaly sediments to generate and expel commercial quantities of oil. It appears that some coal measure sequences have generated mainly gas whilst others are the source of large oil accumulations. The composition of coals deposited in Australia has varied through geological time as a result of differences in climate, geological setting, depositional environment and stage of floral evolution. Consequently, most Australian pre-Jurassic coal measure sequences are deficient in exinite macerals and are therefore mainly gas-prone. In contrast, Jurassic to Tertiary coal-rich sequences often contain abundant exinite and may have substantial potential to generate oil in commercial quantities, as demonstrated by the well-known Gippsland Basin (Bass Strait) oilfields.A similar trend is observed worldwide, where, despite the extraordinary global abundance of Late Palaeozoic coals, only minor amounts of crude oil of land-plant origin are known to be associated with them. However, there appears to be a close relationship between the occurrence of waxy, land-plant-derived crudes and coaly sediments of Cretaceous and Tertiary age. This is thought to be a result of the dominance of conifers in swamp floras of these periods, together with the evolution of the angiosperms (flowering plants) in the Late Cretaceous.
Strength constraints of shallow crustal strata from analyses of mining induced seismicity
