similar development
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2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrej Mihevc

In the Velika ledena jama v Paradani, in the karstic blowholes on the slopes of Smrekova draga and in the nearby dolines I measured and interpreted air temperatures and the effect of the summer outflow of cold air from them into the surrounding area. In winter, cold air enters the cave, radically cooling the entrance part of the cave, where for this reason there is permanent cave ice. The summertime circulation is reversed: emerging from the inner part of cave, which has an average temperature of around 4° C, is air which only when it transits through the sub-cooled entrance part is then cooled to around 1° C. This air comes to the surface and in the hollow at the cave entrance maintains a distinct thermal inversion during the warm part of the year. There is a similar air circulation and similar development of annual temperatures observed at the vents, where cave air emerges through rubble spread over cave entrances on slopes or at the bottom of dolines. The stable summer air temperatures of around 1° C in the vents where I conducted measurements indicate that underneath them there is also permafrost or sub-cooled rock and permanent ice. This is created and preserved, just like in the caves, due to the advection of cold air in winter. In Trnovski gozd, such karstic permafrost is found at an altitude of 1,100 m above sea level. The outflow of cold air from the vents in the summer, just like inside the cave, causes a distinct thermal inversion in dolines on the surface.


2021 ◽  
pp. 85-99
Author(s):  
Mads Christiansen

This article gives an introduction to linguistic complexity and investigates the complexity of sentences in Danish from a diachronic perspective. By taking a recursion-based approach to the phenomenon, it can be shown that in the old part of the corpus (eighteenth/ nineteenth century) sentences are more complex than in the new part (twentieth/twentyfirst century). For instance, the older texts are found to contain more clauses per sentence, more clause complexes and more subordinate clauses of a higher degree of dependency than the contemporary texts. The observation that a similar development occurs in Swedish and German should be considered when trying to explain the process of complexity reduction.


Author(s):  
Hinayah Rojas de Oliveira ◽  
John C. McEwan ◽  
Jette H. Jakobsen ◽  
Thor Blichfeldt ◽  
Theo H. E. Meuwissen ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 738
Author(s):  
Zhiwen Sun ◽  
Gangqiang Kong ◽  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Yang Shen ◽  
Hanyu Xiao

A transparent clay manufactured using Carbopol® UltrezTM 10 (simplified as U10) was introduced, and its manufacturing processes were briefly described. Both relative transparency (RT) and modulation transfer function (MTF) methods were used to quantify the optical character variation via soil thickness. The transparency of this new transparent clay was analyzed and compared with four traditional transparent materials. The thixotropic properties of this synthetic transparent clay were measured in detail through the laboratory vane test. An exponential function was used to describe the thixotropy and sensitivity of the clay. The results showed that the new transparent clay has a relatively higher optical transparency than the majority of previous materials. Good-fitting results showed a similar development trend in thixotropy for the synthetic transparent clay and the natural ones. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the transparent clay was low to medium, which can simulate marine soil. With higher optical transparency than and similar thixotropy and sensitivity as natural clays, Carbopol® UltrezTM 10 shows great potential as a substitute for natural clay and is expected to be widely used in model tests.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prerna Arora ◽  
Nadine Krueger ◽  
Amy Kempf ◽  
Inga Nehlmeier ◽  
Anzhalika Sidarovich ◽  
...  

The delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, B.1.617.2, emerged in India and has subsequently spread to over 80 countries. B.1.617.2 rapidly replaced B.1.1.7 as the dominant virus in the United Kingdom, resulting in a steep increase in new infections, and a similar development is expected for other countries. Effective countermeasures require information on susceptibility of B.1.617.2 to control by antibodies elicited by vaccines and used for COVID-19 therapy. We show, using pseudotyping, that B.1.617.2 evades control by antibodies induced upon infection and BNT162b2 vaccination, although with lower efficiency as compared to B.1.351. Further, we found that B.1.617.2 is resistant against Bamlanivimab, a monoclonal antibody with emergency use authorization for COVID-19 therapy. Finally, we show increased Calu-3 lung cell entry and enhanced cell-to-cell fusion of B.1.617.2, which may contribute to augmented transmissibility and pathogenicity of this variant. These results identify B.1.617.2 as an immune evasion variant with increased capacity to enter and fuse lung cells.


Author(s):  
К.В. Щурин ◽  
С.А. Береснев ◽  
В.А. Капустин

Статья посвящена разработке комбинированной двигательной установки первой ступени ракеты. Рассмотрены действующие системы, их преимущества и недостатки, а также задача выведения большего количества полезной нагрузки в космос за счёт уменьшения веса топлива, а также улучшения экологического фактора. Показана аналогичная разработка КДУ. Представлены расчеты веса конструкции и количества топлива. The article is devoted to the development of the combined propulsion system of the first stage of the rocket. The current systems, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the task of bringing more payload into space by reducing the weight of fuel, as well as improving the environmental factor are considered. A similar development of the CPS is shown. Calculations of the weight of the structure and the amount of fuel are presented.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Craig D. Howard ◽  
John W. Baaki

This article presents two similar design cases and a discussion of how like values resulted in dissimilar design moves. Both cases were gamified learning activities for graduate students in instructional design. Both interventions employed rapid prototyping and were delivered synchronously in an at-a-distance setting. This article compares the two designs, the two designs’ similar development narratives, and the two designs’ divergent features. We give special attention to the common values the designers brought to the act of designing. Contrasting crucial features in similar designs allowed us, as designers, to appreciate divergent design moves. A discussion of the two cases explains how designers arrived at different design decisions through similar rationale. The authors were both designers and instructors of the implementations; each presents their case in relation to the other. Our combined cases explore how designers might compare salient features of similar instructional interventions and appreciate design moves that one chose not to make.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisdair R Fernie ◽  
Saleh Alseekh ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Jianbing Yan

One-sentence summary: An update on the use of precision phenotyping to assess the potential of lesser cultivated species as candidates for de novo domestication or similar development for future agriculture.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes H. Uhl ◽  
Dylan S. Connor ◽  
Stefan Leyk ◽  
Anna E. Braswell

AbstractMost cities in the United States of America are thought to have followed similar development trajectories to evolve into their present form. However, data on spatial development of cities are limited prior to 1970. Here we leverage a compilation of high-resolution spatial land use and building data to examine the evolving size and form (shape and structure) of US metropolitan areas since the early twentieth century. Our analysis of building patterns over 100 years reveals strong regularities in the development of the size and density of cities and their surroundings, regardless of timing or location of development. At the same time, we find that trajectories regarding shape and structure are harder to codify and more complex. We conclude that these discrepant developments of urban size- and form-related characteristics are driven, in part, by the long-term decoupling of these two sets of attributes over time.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwen SUN ◽  
Gangqiang KONG ◽  
Yang ZHOU ◽  
Yang SHEN ◽  
Hanyu XIAO

Abstract A transparent clay manufactured by Carbopol® UltrezTM 10 (simplified as U10) was introduced, and its manufacture processes were briefly described. Both relative transparency (RT) and modulation transfer function (MTF) methods were used to quantify the optical character variation via soil thickness. The transparency of this new transparent clay was comparative analyzed with traditional four previous transparent materials. The results show that this new transparent clay has relative higher optical transparency than majority of previous materials. The thixotropic properties of this synthetic transparent clay were measured in detail through laboratory vane test. Exponential function was used to describe the thixotropy and sensitivity of clay. The good fitting results shown similar development trend of thixotropy for synthetic transparent clay and natural one. Furthermore, sensitivity of transparent clay belongs to low to medium sensitivity, which can simulate marine soil. With the test results, Carbopol® UltrezTM 10 shows a great potential as a substitute for natural clay and is expected to be widely used in model tests.


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