The Green Castle Sandstone Formation: A new name for the Cwmffrwd Formation (Old Red Sandstone) preoccupied by an Ordovician Member

2018 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-91
Author(s):  
John C.W. Cope
Keyword(s):  
Red Sandstone ◽  
New Name ◽  
Sandstone Formation

scholarly journals Cambrian to basal Ordovician lithostratigraphy in southern Scandinavia

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 47-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Thorshøj Nielsen ◽  
Niels Schovsbo
Keyword(s):  
New Members ◽  
Shale Formations ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
New Name ◽  
South Central ◽  
Alum Shale ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
Shale Formation ◽  
Sandstone Formation ◽  
Bothnian Sea

The lithostratigraphic subdivision of the Cambrian successions in Scania-Bornholm, Östergötland, Västergötland, Närke, Öland-Gotland, the southern Bothnian Sea and the Mjøsa District is reviewed and revised. The review includes the Tremadocian part of the Alum Shale Formation. The Cambrian of Scania-Bornholmcomprises the Nexø, Hardeberga, Læså, Gislöv and Alum Shale formations. The Nexø Formation of Bornholm is subdivided into the new Gadeby and Langeskanse members, which are c. 40 and 50 m thick, respectively. The 1–15 m thick arkosic basal part of the sandstone succession in Scania, previously treated as part of the Hardeberga Sandstone, is allocated to the Nexø Formation. The ‘Balka Sandstone’ of Bornholm is considered an integrated part of the Hardeberga Formation and the designation Balka Sandstone Formation is abandoned. The Haddeberga Formation, which is 109 m thick on Bornholm and c. 105–110 m in Scania, comprises the Hadeborg (new), Lunkaberg (Scania only), Vik, Brantevik and Tobisvik members. The overlying Læså Formation contains the Norretorp and Rispebjerg members; the former is regarded a senior synonym of the Broens Odde member of Bornholm. The Norretorp Member is thicker in Scania than previously estimated (> 25 m, rather likely even > 30 m); on Bornholm it is 103 m thick. The Rispebjerg Member is 1–3.7 m thick. The Cambrian of the Öland-Gotland area, the southern Bothnian Sea and the districts of south central Sweden comprises the File Haidar, Borgholm and Alum Shale formations. The File Haidar Formation of the Öland-Gotland area, which is up to 127 m thick, includes the Viklau, När Shale and När Sandstone members; the Grötlingbo Member is transferred to the Borgholm Formation. The validity of the Kalmarsund Member is questioned; its lithological characteristics probably reflect diagenesis. The Lingulid and Mickwitzia sandstone members constitute the File Haidar Formation in south central Sweden, where the unit is up to 37 m thick. New names and to some extent new definitions are introduced for the members of the Borgholm Formation, viz. Kvarntorp Member (new name for the thin glauconitic sandstone overlying the Lingulid Sandstone Member in central Sweden), Mossberga Member (new name for the coarse part of the Eccaparadoxides oelandicus Shale sensu Hagenfeldt 1994), Bårstad Member (new name for the fine-grained part of the Eccaparadoxides oelandicus Shale), Äleklinta Member (new name for theParadoxides paradoxissimus Siltstone) and Tornby Member (new name for the Paradoxides paradoxissimus Shale). The Granulata Conglomerate (= Acrothele Conglomerate of previous literature) is formally ranked as a bed at the base of the Äleklinta Member. The informal designation Söderfjärden formation is abandoned. The Borgholm Formation locally exceeds 150 m in the Öland-Gotland area; it is significantly thinner in south central Sweden. The Cambrian of the Mjøsa District comprises the Vangsås, Ringstrand and Alum Shale formations. Of these, the new Ringstrand Formation encompasses the strata between the Vangsås and Alum Shale formations, previously referred to as the ‘Holmia Series’. The Ringstrand Formation includes the Brennsætersag (new), Redalen (new), Tømten (new), Evjevik and Skyberg (new) members. Thickness estimates are rendered difficult due to tectonic overprinting, but the Ringstrand Formation is probably about 50-60 m thick in the Lower Allochthon around Lake Mjøsa. The Scandinavian Alum Shale Formation, which is up to 100 m thick in Scania and even thicker subsurface of Kattegat, is restricted to encompass only kerogeneous mudstones/shales with subordinate limestones and very rare sandstone beds. It is proposed abandoning the Kläppe Shale and Fjällbränna Formation of the Lower Allochthon of Jämtland and to regard these units as part of the Alum Shale Formation. Several widespread thin units are formally ranked as beds within the Alum Shale Formation, including the Forsemölla Limestone Bed (new name for the ‘fragment limestone’at or near the base of the Alum Shale Formation in Scania; this unit is also developed in Östergötland and Närke), the Exsulans Limestone Bed, the Hyolithes Limestone Bed, the Andrarum Limestone Bed, the Exporrecta Conglomerate Bed, the Kakeled Limestone Bed (new name for the ‘Great Orsten Bank’ of south central Sweden), the Skåningstorp Sandstone Bed (new name for the thin sandstoneintercalation at the base of the Ordovician in Östergötland) and the Incipiens Limestone Bed.

On Canadian Caverns

The Geologist ◽  
1860 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 161-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
George D. Gibb
Keyword(s):  
Striking Feature ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Good Fortune ◽  
Sand Bars ◽  
Sandstone Formation ◽  
The Hill

On passing the interesting group of islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, known as the Magdalens, the observer is struck with their beautiful and picturesque appearance, which is suddenly presented to his view. The cliffs, which vary in height, present equally various colours, in which the shades of red predominate; these, contrasted with the yellow of the sand-bars, and the green pastures of the hill-sides, the darker green of the spruce trees, and the blue of sea and sky, produce an effect, as Captain Bayfield describes, extremely beautiful, and one which distinguishes these islands from anything else in the Gulf. Such an agreeable picture it has been my own good fortune to witness and admire. The striking feature in their formation is the dome-shaped hills rising in the centre of the group, and attaining a height of from two hundred to five hundred and eighty feet. They are composed of the Triassic or New Red Sandstone formation, which forms their base, being surmounted or topped by masses of trap rocks.

scholarly journals V. Notice of the Fossil Fishes found in the Old Red-Sandstone formation of Orkney, particularly of an undescribed species, Diplopterus Agassis

1844 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. Traill
Keyword(s):  
General Character ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Sandstone Formation ◽  
Natural Groups

It is well known to those who have paid attention to the progress of Fossil Ichthyology that, until the publication of M. Agassiz, the distinctive characters of the orders, genera, and species of Fossil Fishes were but imperfectly understood. Vague analogies were relied on to connect them with the types of living genera, and the looseness of the received specific characters rendered it difficult for the geologist to determine whether the specimens he collected were previously recognised, or still nondescript. It is obvious that useful characters of fossil species are chiefly to be obtained from those portions of their structure least subject to alteration from decay; and as the exterior scaly envelopes of the primeval fishes are usually the portions best preserved and most easily recognised in their rocky sepulchres, M. Agassiz was naturally led to study these with minute attention. This acute observer speedily discovered that, in the form and connections of the scales, he had a general character which would enable him to connect into very natural groups, species differing from each other in size and form. On this basis he has established his four Orders of Fossil Fishes—the Ganoidei, the Placoidei, the Ctenoidei, and the Cyclodei—divisions named from the appearance of the scales.

2. Abstract of Part II. of Memoir descriptive and explanatory of the Mid Lothian and East Lothian Coal-fields

1845 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 195-198
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
The North ◽  
Sandstone Formation ◽  
Coal Measures ◽  
Coal Fields

This part of the memoir was devoted exclusively to an attempt to explain or account for the facts described in the first part of the memoir.The geological epoch when the strata composing the coal-measures of this district were deposited, was first noticed. It was stated that these coal-measures were deposited at a period immediately following the deposition of the old red sandstone formation; and that this older formation was to be seen both on the north and on the south sides of the Lammermuir Hills, dipping under the coalmeasures, and resting on the upturned greywacke strata of these hills. The lowest member of the old red sandstone group is a coarse conglomerate, evidently formed by the denudation of these greywacke hills; and the uppermost members consist of soft argillaceous sandstone, of a deep red colour.

scholarly journals XIII.—On the Age of the Old Red Sandstone of Shetland

1909 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Flett
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Mica Schist ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
The West ◽  
West Side ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Intrusive Rocks ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Sandstone Formation ◽  
Metamorphic Series

In spite of its remote situation, the Old Red Sandstone of Shetland attracted a considerable amount of attention from geologists during the last century. It is exposed in excellent coast sections, which often yield very beautiful cliff scenery; and, in addition to being the most northerly of the stratified rocks of Great Britain, it includes a rich succession of volcanic and intrusive rocks which are of great interest and variety. The axis or backbone of the Shetland archipelago consists of gneiss, mica schist, slate, and limestone, with epidiorites, serpentine, and talc schists. On each side of this there is an area of Old Red Sandstone; that on the east extending from Sumburgh Head, in the extreme south, to Rovey Head, a little north of Lerwick, and comprising also the islands of Bressay, Noss, and Mousa. On the west side of Shetland the Old Red Sandstone Series is much altered, probably by the heat of the granite and other intrusive rocks, so that they often have the appearance of quartzite, and were for a long time regarded as belonging to the metamorphic series. In 1879, however, Peach and Horne (28) showed that, in places, they contained fossil plants which indicated that they belonged to the Old Red Sandstone formation.

scholarly journals XII. On the fossil remains of turtles, discovered in the chalk formation of the South-east of England

1841 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Dorsal Shield ◽  
The South ◽  
Extinct Species ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Fossil Remains ◽  
Sandstone Formation

Although no species of the order Testudinata now inhabits the British Isles, and the Turtles and Tortoises admitted into the fauna of Great Britain by modern naturalists are only individuals which have strayed or been drifted from other latitudes, the fossil remains of Chelonian Reptiles which occur in the strata of this country afford indisputable evidence, that in very remote periods, the seas, rivers, and lands of Europe, swarmed with marine, lacustrine, and terrestrial forms of this family. It is well known that the earliest indications of the presence of reptiles on this planet, are the impressions of the feet of Turtles on the rocks of the new red sandstone formation. These foot-marks have been detected in Dumfriesshire, at Stourton quarry near Liverpool, and in various places in Germany, and are supposed to be referable to land and lacustrine species; but no decided remains of Turtles have been found in strata antecedent to the muschelkalk. At Luneville, in deposits of this epoch, bones and fragments of the carapace or dorsal shield of an extinct species have been observed.

scholarly journals XXI.—The Old Red Sandstone Volcanic Rocks of Shetland

1884 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Peach ◽  
J. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Red Sandstone ◽  
Volcanic History ◽  
Moray Firth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Sandstone Formation ◽  
Great Belt ◽  
Great Development

Perhaps the most interesting feature connected with the Old Red Sandstone formation in Shetland is the evidence of prolonged volcanic activity in those northern isles. The great development of contemporaneous and intrusive igneous rocks, which gives rise to some of the most striking scenery in Shetland, is all the more important when compared with the meagre records in the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Orkney and the Moray Firth basin. Not till we pass to the south of the Grampians do we find evidence of a far grander display of volcanic action during this period, in the sheets of lava and tuff in the Sidlaws and Ochils and in the great belt stretching from the Pentlands south-westwards into Ayrshire. The relations of the Shetland igneous rocks are admirably displayed in the various coast sections, especially in the mural cliffs of Northmavine and some of the Western Islands. From these records, though they have been subjected to much denudation, it is possible to construct a tolerably complete sketch of the volcanic history of this formation, as developed in that region.

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