Plant latex and other exudates as plant defense systems: Roles of various defense chemicals and proteins contained therein

Abstract Herbivorous insects represent one of the major threats to sessile plants. To cope with herbivore challenges, plants have evolved sophisticated defense systems, in which the lipid-derived phytohormone jasmonate plays a crucial role. Perception of insect attack locally and systemically elicits rapid synthesis of jasmonate, which is perceived by the F-box protein COI1 to further recruit JAZ repressors for ubiquitination and degradation, thereby releasing transcription factors that subsequently activate plant defense against insect attack. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of jasmonate action in plant defense against insects.

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Plant defense systems against cucumber mosaic virus: lessons learned from CMV–Arabidopsis interactions

Journal of General Plant Pathology ◽

10.1007/s10327-019-00845-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 85 (3) ◽

pp. 174-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sugihiro Ando ◽

Shuhei Miyashita ◽

Hideki Takahashi

Keyword(s):

Plant Defense ◽

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Defense Systems

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Microbial Endoxylanases: Effective Weapons to Breach the Plant Cell-Wall Barrier or, Rather, Triggers of Plant Defense Systems?

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi-19-1072 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 1072-1081 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Tim Beliën ◽

Steven Van Campenhout ◽

Johan Robben ◽

Guido Volckaert

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Plant Defense ◽

Plant Cell ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Defense Mechanisms ◽

Plant Cell Wall ◽

Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽

Defense Systems ◽

Xylanase Inhibitor

Endo-β-1,4-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are key enzymes in the degradation of xylan, the predominant hemicellulose in the cell walls of plants and the second most abundant polysaccharide on earth. A number of endoxylanases are produced by microbial phytopathogens responsible for severe crop losses. These enzymes are considered to play an important role in phytopathogenesis, as they provide essential means to the attacking organism to break through the plant cell wall. Plants have evolved numerous defense mechanisms to protect themselves against invading pathogens, amongst which are proteinaceous inhibitors of cell wall-degrading enzymes. These defense mechanisms are triggered when a pathogen-derived elicitor is recognized by the plant. In this review, the diverse aspects of endoxylanases in promoting virulence and in eliciting plant defense systems are highlighted. Furthermore, the role of the relatively recently discovered cereal endoxylanase inhibitor families TAXI (Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor) and XIP (xylanase inhibitor protein) in plant defense is discussed.

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