Background: Reverse-flow posterior interosseous artery (rPIA) flap is an excellent tool for restoration of defects in the hand and upper extremity, sparing the main arteries to the hand. Its reliability has been well established. Materials and Methods: Fifty-one cases of rPIA flap involving 49 patients were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criteria were age, sex, etiology, size and location of the defect, flap size, number of perforators included, pedicle length, flap inset, donor site coverage, complications, and ancillary procedures. Results: This study included 44 men and 5 women, ranging in age between 10 and 73 years. The subjects had soft tissue defects of the hand and upper extremity mainly due to traumatic injuries, including scar contractures of the first web space in 18 cases, thumb amputations in 6 cases, and congenital defects in 1 case. Among the 51 rPIA flap elevations, 3 cases involved flap failure due to the absence of proper pedicle. A fasciocutaneous pattern was observed in 45 cases and a myocutaneous pattern in 3 cases. In 5 cases of unplantable thumb amputations, the rPIA flap was performed for arterial inflow to the secondary toe-to-thumb transfer. Venous congestion of varying degrees was noted in 7 cases involving partial necrosis in 2 cases. During the mean 17 months of follow-up, patients were generally satisfied with the final outcomes. Conclusion: The rPIA flap can be used not only for soft tissue coverage of the hand and upper extremity but also as a recipient arterial pedicle for a secondary toe-to thumb transfer.
Investigation of Separation Phenomena in a Radial Pump at Reduced Flow Rate by Large-Eddy Simulation
