Dispersals Out of Africa and Back to Africa: Modern origins in North Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 408 ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena A.A. Garcea
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Back To Africa

scholarly journals Revisiting the Out of Africa event with a novel Deep Learning approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Montinaro ◽  
Vasili Pankratov ◽  
Burak Yelmen ◽  
Luca Pagani ◽  
Mayukh Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Sequential Monte Carlo ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Approximate Bayesian ◽  
Back To Africa

AbstractAnatomically modern humans evolved around 300 thousand years ago in Africa1. Modern humans started to appear in the fossil record outside of Africa about 100 thousand years ago though other hominins existed throughout Eurasia much earlier2–4. Recently, several researchers argued in favour of a single out of Africa event for modern humans based on whole-genome sequences analyses5–7. However, the single out of Africa model is in contrast with some of the findings from fossil records, which supports two out of Africa8,9, and uniparental data, which proposes back to Africa movement10,11. Here, we used a novel deep learning approach coupled with Approximate Bayesian Computation and Sequential Monte Carlo to revisit these hypotheses from the whole genome sequence perspective. Our results support the back to Africa model over other alternatives. We estimated that there are two successive splits between Africa and out of African populations happening around 60-80 thousand years ago and separated by 12-13 thousand years. One of the populations resulting from the more recent split has to a large extent replaced the older West African population while the other one has founded the out of Africa populations.

Jerusalem

On Purpose ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 23-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ruse
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Personal Growth ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Roman Province ◽  
Back To Africa

This chapter focuses on Augustine, whose influence on Western Christianity cannot be overemphasized, was born in a Roman province in North Africa of a Christian mother and a pagan father. Raised a Christian, he dropped out, acquired a mistress with whom he lived for thirteen years and by whom he had a son who died in adolescence, went to Italy as a professor of rhetoric, fell among the Manicheans, sloughed off his first mistress and had another for two years. Finally, Augustine went back to Africa, particularly at the urging of his very persistent mother, became again a Christian and was baptized by Saint Ambrose, bishop of Milan, in 386. About ten years after returning to Christianity, Augustine wrote his autobiography, the Confessions, perhaps the greatest spiritual story of personal growth of Western culture. His God is emphatically the God of Plato, the God of The Republic, where the form of the good is a necessarily existing eternal force or entity, outside time and space, truly good and beautiful, the font of all other beings, from which everything stems and to which everything relates as the cause of existence.

Claude McKay’s Bad Nationalists

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-132
Author(s):  
Rich Cole
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Literary History ◽  
World War ◽  
New Negro ◽  
Black Liberation ◽  
Identity Control ◽  
Control Set ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Back To Africa

Abstract This article examines Claude McKay’s 1928 journey to Africa under colonial occupation and uncovers how these true events partly inspired his late work of expatriate fiction, Romance in Marseille. By bringing together migration studies with literary history, the article challenges and expands existing research that suggests that McKay’s writings register the impulse for a nomadic wandering away from oppressive forms of identity control set up in the wake of World War I. The article contends that Claude McKay’s renegade cast of “bad nationalist” characters registers a generative tension between the imperial national forms the author encountered in North Africa and the Black nationalist vision of Marcus Garvey’s Back-to-Africa campaign. Reading the dialectics of bad nationalisms and Black internationalisms, the article explores how the utopian promise for Black liberation by returning back to Africa, central to the New Negro project of Black advancement, frequently becomes entangled in McKay’s transnational stowaway fiction with conflicting calls for reparations, liabilities, and shipping damages.

Rock-pictures and Archaeology in the Libyan Desert

Antiquity ◽  
1928 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 261-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Newbold
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
White Spaces ◽  
History Of ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Libyan Desert

Out of Africa there is always something new, as Aristotle wrote in the fourth century B.C., and although the Libyan Desert is one of the most desolate areas of the world’s surface, recent explorations have shown that there are many archaeological discoveries to be made which will throw considerable light on the early history of peoples and their migrations in North Africa.In the eastern Sahara and in the Libyan Desert, there are still many unexplored tracts, and even, it is probable, several unvisited oases, particularly in the great white spaces on the map which stretch southwest and southeast of the Kufara oasis-group.

scholarly journals Which way to turn? Is the Haua Fteah a Levantine site?

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Tim Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
North African ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Population Movements ◽  
Modern Human Origins ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Detailed Record

AbstractRecent work has shown early modern human occupation at Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, dating as far back as MIS 9 (337–300 Ka). Such early dates double the period in which modern humans were present in North Africa, with implications for several key debates on modern human origins and subsequent spread. Routes across a ‘Green Sahara’ allowed population movement intermittently from sub-Saharan Africa and across the Saharan region in general. This has implications for the debate about the timing and routes of modern human expansion across and out of Africa, but also has the effect of focusing discussion on the archaeological record of sub-Saharan Africa and even Arabia for evidence of human behaviour and adaptations. This may be unfortunate as the record for much of the vast area of sub-Saharan Africa and Arabia is extremely limited and the more detailed record of the Levantine region is overlooked. Work at the Haua Fteah and in its surrounding region (Cyrenaican Libya) provides an opportunity to investigate how far the Palaeolithic record for this part of North Africa is, in fact, a product of trans-Saharan, North African or Levantine, influences. The genetic evidence suggests the process of modern human expansion out of Africa, and just as importantly within Africa itself, was a complex one that may have involved population movements into and out of North Africa from several different directions. A concentration upon the Green Sahara hypothesis may distract current research from this broader picture.

scholarly journals Correlated and geographically predictable Neanderthal and Denisovan legacies are difficult to reconcile with a simple model based on inter-breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 201229
Author(s):  
William Amos
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Genome Diversity ◽  
Large Dataset ◽  
Neutral Drift ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Project Data

Although the presence of archaic hominin legacies in humans is taken for granted, little attention has been given as to how the data fit with how humans colonized the world. Here, I show that Neanderthal and Denisovan legacies are strongly correlated and that inferred legacy size, like heterozygosity, exhibits a strong correlation with distance from Africa. Simulations confirm that, once created, legacy size is extremely stable: it may reduce through admixture with lower legacy populations but cannot increase significantly through neutral drift. Consequently, populations carrying the highest legacies are likely to be those whose ancestors inter-bred most with archaics. However, the populations with the highest legacies are globally scattered and are unified, not by having origins within the known Neanderthal range, but instead by living in locations that lie furthest from Africa. Furthermore, the Simons Genome Diversity Project data reveal two distinct correlations between Neanderthal and Denisovan legacies, one that starts in North Africa and increases west to east across Eurasia and into some parts of Oceania, and a second, much steeper trend that starts in Africa, peaking with the San and Ju/’hoansi and which, if extrapolated, predicts the large inferred legacies of both archaics found in Oceania/Australia. Similar ‘double’ trends are observed for the introgression statistic f 4 in a second large dataset published by Qin and Stoneking (Qin & Stoneking 2015 Mol. Biol. Evol. 32 , 2665–2674 ( doi:10.1093/molbev/msv141 )). These trends appear at odds with simple models of how introgression occurred though more complicated patterns of introgression could potentially generate better fits. Moreover, substituting archaic genomes with those of great apes yields similar but biologically impossible signals of introgression, suggesting that the signals these metrics capture arise within humans and are largely independent of the test group. Interestingly, the data do appear to fit a speculative model in which the loss of diversity that occurred when humans moved further from Africa created a gradient in heterozygosity that in turn progressively reduced mutation rate such that populations furthest from Africa have diverged less from our common ancestor and hence from the archaics. In this light, the two distinct trends could be interpreted in terms of two ‘out of Africa’ events, an early one ending in Oceania and Australia and a later one that colonized Eurasia and the Americas.

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