Carbon black based electrodes are generally recognized as state of the art for PEM fuel cell technology due to the high performance achieved with a relatively low Pt content. However, the catalyst carbon support is prone to carbon oxidation. This leads to a loss of the catalyst area and overall performance, along with a higher mass transport loss due to an increased flooding tendency. This phenomenon is particularly severe when the fuel cell experiences repetitive start-stop cycles. Therefore, specific countermeasures against catalyst layer carbon oxidation are required, especially for automotive and backup power applications, where the startup/shutdown rate is considerably high. The authors evaluated a basic design that uses a stack shunt. A properly modified control protocol, which includes the stack shunt, is able to avoid high cathode potential peaks, which are known to accelerate catalyst carbon support corrosion and its negative effects. During two separate durability tests, one adopting the shunt design and another using nonprotected shutdown, a 24-cell stack was subjected to continuous starts and stops for several months and its performance constantly monitored. The results show that when the shunt is used, there is a 37% reduction in the voltage degradation rate for each startup/shutdown cycle and a two-fold increase in the number of startup/shutdown cycles before an individual cell reached the specified “end of life” voltage criteria. Furthermore, ex situ FE-SEM analysis revealed cathode catalyst layer thinning, which is an indication that the emerging degradation mechanism is the catalyst support carbon corrosion, as expected. This provides further support that the constant voltage degradation rate typically experienced in PEMFCs can be primarily attributed to the catalyst support carbon corrosion rate. The proposed shunt protocol is very cost effective and does not require any substantial changes in the system. For this reason, its adoption is recommended as a viable method to decrease the catalyst support carbon corrosion rate and extend the operating life of the PEMFC stack.
Is it possible to increase the oil yield of catalytic pyrolysis of biomass? A study using commercially-available acid and basic catalysts in ex-situ and in-situ modus