Content of toxic components of cigarette, cigarette smoke vs cigarette butts: A comprehensive systematic review

AbstractThis paper presents the findings on a quantitative evaluation of carbonyl levels in exhaled cigarette smoke from human subjects. The cigarettes evaluated include products with 5.0 mg ‘tar’, 10.6 mg ‘tar’ and 16.2 mg ‘tar’, where ‘tar’ is defined as the weight of total wet particulate matter (TPM) minus the weight of nicotine and water, and the cigarettes are smoked following U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recommendations. The measured levels of carbonyls in the exhaled smoke were compared with calculated yields of carbonyls in the inhaled smoke and a retention efficiency was obtained. The number of human subjects included a total of ten smokers for the 10.6 mg ‘tar’, five for the 16.2 mg ‘tar’, and five for the 5.0 mg ‘tar’ product, each subject smoking three cigarettes. The analyzed carbonyl compounds included several aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde and n-butyraldehyde), and two ketones (acetone and 2-butanone). The smoke collection from the human subjects was vacuum assisted. Exhaled smoke was collected on Cambridge pads pretreated with a solution of dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the dinitrophenylhydrazones of the carbonyl compounds. The cigarette butts from the smokers were collected and analyzed for nicotine. The nicotine levels for the cigarette butts from the smokers were used to calculate the level of carbonyls in the inhaled smoke, based on calibration curves. These were generated separately by analyzing the carbonyls in smoke and the nicotine in the cigarette butts obtained by machine smoking under different puffing regimes. The comparison of the level of carbonyl compounds in exhaled smoke with that from the inhaled smoke showed high retention of all the carbonyls. The retention of aldehydes was above 95% for all three different ‘tar’ levels cigarettes. The ketones were retained with a slightly lower efficiency. Acetone was retained in the range of 90% to 95%. The retention for 2-butanone showed a larger scatter compared to other results but it also appeared to be slightly less absorbed than the aldehydes, with an average retention around 95%. The retention of acetaldehyde and acetone by human smokers was previously reported in literature and the findings from this study are in very good agreement with these result.

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Survey of characteristics of exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke using discarded cigarette butts from Korean smokers

Environmental Research ◽

10.1016/j.envres.2020.109434 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 185 ◽

pp. 109434

Author(s):

Eun Chul Pack ◽

Hyung Soo Kim ◽

Seung Ha Lee ◽

Ye Ji Koo ◽

Dae Young Jang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Cigarette Butts ◽

Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

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A Pilot Study to Assess Solanesol Levels in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2013-0857 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 144-152

Author(s):

SC Moldoveanu ◽

W III Coleman

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoke ◽

High Performance ◽

Federal Trade Commission ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Retention Data ◽

Mainstream Smoke ◽

Cigarette Butts ◽

Single Factor Analysis ◽

Hplc Technique ◽

Good Agreement

AbstractThis paper describes the results obtained during the measurement of the level of solanesol in exhaled cigarette smoke from human subjects. The study was performed with three different cigarettes with U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ‘tar’ values of 5.0 mg, 10.6 mg, and 16.2 mg. The number of human subjects was ten smokers for each of the evaluated products, each subject smoking three cigarettes within one hour. The exhaled smoke was collected using a vacuum assisted procedure that avoids strain in exhaling, and the solanesol was analyzed using an original high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The cigarette butts from the smokers were collected and also analyzed for solanesol. The results obtained for the cigarette butts from the smokers were used to calculate the level of solanesol delivered to the smoker, based on calibration curves. These curves were generated separately by analyzing the solanesol in smoke and in the cigarette butts obtained by machine smoking under different puffing regimes. Knowing the levels of solanesol delivered to the smoker and the exhaled levels it was possible to calculate the retention and retention % of this compound from mainstream smoke for different cigarettes types. The amount of retained solanesol is the lowest for the 5.0 mg ‘tar’ product, and the highest for the 16.2 mg ‘tar’ product, although there is not much difference between the 10.6 mg ‘tar’ product and the 16.2 mg ‘tar’ product. For the 10.6 mg ‘tar’ cigarettes the retention % was between 60% and 72%, for the 5.0 mg product the retention % was slightly lower ranging between 53% and 70%, while for the 16.2 mg ‘tar’ product, the retention % was slightly higher ranging between 62% and 82%.A statistical analysis of the retention % data using ANOVA single factor analysis showed that the 10.6 mg ‘tar’ cigarette is not different from the 16.2 mg ‘tar’ product while the retention % for the 5.0 mg ‘tar’ cigarette was statistically different from the other two products. The values for the retention % of solanesol by human smokers as found in this study were in very good agreement with the few reported results in the literature.

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The Influence of a Humectant on the Retention by Humans of Solanesol from Cigarette Smoke (Part 2, Glycerin)

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2013-0872 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 378-383

Author(s):

SC Moldoveanu ◽

WM III Coleman

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Relative Standard Deviation ◽

Human Subject ◽

High Performance ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Human Respiratory Tract ◽

Hygroscopic Properties ◽

Cigarette Butts ◽

Relative Standard

AbstractTwo common humectants are used as additives in the cigarette manufacturing process, propylene glycol (PG) and glycerin. The humectants may influence the deposition of cigarette smoke in the human respiratory tract by affecting the hygroscopic properties and growth of smoke particles. This study examines the influence of glycerin addition on the retention of solanesol by smokers. The influence of PG addition has been previously reported (7). The first cigarette used in the study (control) was a commercially available brand containing no additives in the blend (with a measured level of glycerin of 0.19%). The other cigarette (test) had an identical tobacco blend to the control, but had 2.3% added glycerin. The construction of the cigarette with 2.3% glycerin (test) was selected to match as closely as possible the ‘tar’ (as measured by Federal Trade Commission regimen), pressure drop (open and closed), and nicotine level of the commercial cigarette (control). Twelve smokers evaluated both products. The sample collection was performed using three cigarettes smoked within one hour. Each human subject smoked the control cigarette and then the test cigarette in two separate sessions. The exhaled smoke was collected using a vacuum assisted procedure designed to avoid strain in exhaling, and solanesol was analyzed using an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The cigarette butts from the smokers were collected and also analyzed for solanesol. The results obtained for the cigarette butts from the smokers were used to calculate the level of solanesol in the smoke delivered to the human subject, based on calibration curves. These curves were generated separately by analyzing the solanesol in smoke and in the cigarette butts obtained by machine smoking under different puffing regimes. Knowing the levels of delivered amount of solanesol and that in the exhaled smoke it was possible to calculate the retention of this compound from mainstream smoke for the two cigarette types. The amount of solanesol retained by the smoker (per cigarette) was on average 314.8 µg/cig with 18.9% relative standard deviation for the commercial cigarette, and 302.6 µg/cig with 20.3% relative standard deviation for the cigarette with 2.3% added glycerin. The retention % of solanesol from the commercial cigarette showed an average of 69.5% with 9.4% relative standard deviation, and the cigarette with 2.3% added glycerin showed an average retention of 69.4% with 10.5% relative standard deviation. Applying the paired t-test to the data it was found that there were no significant differences in the retention amount of solanesol, or in the retention % of solanesol for the two cigarettes. No correlation was found between the amount of solanesol delivered to the smoker (in µg/cig) and the solanesol retention % by the smoker.

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How people think about the chemicals in cigarette smoke: a systematic review

Journal of Behavioral Medicine ◽

10.1007/s10865-017-9823-5 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 553-564 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Jennifer C. Morgan ◽

M. Justin Byron ◽

Sabeeh A. Baig ◽

Irina Stepanov ◽

Noel T. Brewer

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cigarette Smoke

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Elimination and Reduction of Harmful Substances in Cigarette Smoke, Using Nanomaterials: Study Protocol for a Systematic Review

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1173417/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Hossein Chalak ◽

Soqrat Omari Shekaftik ◽

Hossein Jafari ◽

Hamid Reza Ghaffari ◽

Sakineh Dadipoor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cigarette Smoke ◽

Systematic Reviews ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Evaluation Methodology ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Assessment Development ◽

Effective Interventions ◽

Harmful Substances ◽

Meta Analyses

Abstract Background Cigarette smoke is an aerosol containing more than thousands of chemical compounds, several of which are carcinogens and toxic. Many efforts have been made to use nanomaterials (NMs) to remove and filter toxic substances in cigarette smoke. Due to the characteristics of MLs and their selectivity to different compounds, NMs have a high potential for practical application in reducing harmful compounds in cigarette smoke. The objective of this systematic review is to collect, combine, and analyze the basic intervention research on NMs for removal and reduction of harmful substances in cigarette smoke. This systematic review will determine the most important factors and expected characterizations for the development or commercialization of a new filters. Finally, we will review the challenges of using NMs-based interventions. Methods This protocol is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)-P protocol and Cochrane methodology. The inclusion/exclusion criteria are determined based on PICOTS (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome, Time, Study Design) Framework. The Comprehensive literature searches will be conducted in international databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and 3Iranian database, including SID, Iranmedex and Magiran. The quality of the papers and the risk of bias will be assessed using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) methodology. The results will be presented in the text as well as in a table and figure based on the SWiM guidelines (Synthesis Without Meta-analysis). the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist and guidelines will be tracked to certify a robustness and reproducibility of the process. Discussion A comprehensive analysis of the studies conducted in this field can identify research needs, examine the current and expected situation, provide the necessary parameters for research and development of new filters and ultimately determine the effective priorities for further effective interventions.

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