Structural diversity is a poor proxy for information diversity: Evidence from 25 scientific fields

2022 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Graham ◽  
John McLevey ◽  
Pierson Browne ◽  
Tyler Crick
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Nazim Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Hafiz M. N. Iqbal

Nanotechnology is a top priority research area in a plethora of technological and scientific fields due to its economic impact and versatile capability. Among various applications, water treatment is considered among the most prospective utilization of nanotechnology, where a large number of nanostructured materials can remediate water using several different mechanistic ways. For achieving this, nanomaterials can be combined and modified with active moieties to develop different nanocomposites with structural diversity and unique physicochemical attributes. In addition, they have also been designed and integrated into membranes for improving water treatment performance. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of various nanostructured materials as nanoadsorbents, such as carbon-based nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and nanomembranes for remediating pesticide-based pollutants from aqueous systems using CNTs. Notably, nanomaterials are capable of efficiently removing environmental pollutants given their substantial surface area, high absorptive ability, and excellent environmental selectivity and compatibility.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dung Do

<p>Chiral molecules with their defined 3-D structures are of paramount importance for the study of chemical biology and drug discovery. Having rich structural diversity and unique stereoisomerism, chiral molecules offer a large chemical space that can be explored for the design of new therapeutic agents.<sup>1</sup> Practically, chiral architectures are usually prepared from organometallic and organocatalytic processes where a transition metal or an organocatalyst is tailor-made for desired reactions. As a result, developing a method that enables rapid assembly of chiral complex molecules under metal- and organocatalyst-free condition represents a daunting challenge. Here we developed a straightforward route to create a chiral 3-D structure from 2-D structures and an amino acid without any chiral catalyst. The center of this research is the design of a <a>special chiral spiroimidazolidinone cyclohexadienone intermediate</a>, a merger of a chiral reactive substrate with multiple nucleophillic/electrophillic sites and a transient organocatalyst. <a>This unique substrate-catalyst (“subcatalyst”) dual role of the intermediate enhances </a><a>the coordinational proximity of the chiral substrate and catalyst</a> in the key Aza-Michael/Michael cascade resulting in a substantial steric discrimination and an excellent overall diastereoselectivity. Whereas the “subcatalyst” (hidden catalyst) is not present in the reaction’s initial components, which renders a chiral catalyst-free process, it is strategically produced to promote sequential self-catalyzed reactions. The success of this methodology will pave the way for many efficient preparations of chiral complex molecules and aid for the quest to create next generation of therapeutic agents.</p>


2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma Salma

The development of Islamic law studies in Indonesia is increasingly interesting to follow. the use of a multidisciplinary approach to Islamic sciences, making the science of Islamic law not only a normative-theological analysis but also integrated with many scientific fields both in the sciences and the humanities. Contemporary global issues require observers and Islamic law reviewers to seriously review Islamic law in depth, one of the global issues that is currently interesting and has become a topic of discussion among many is the issue of the protection of human rights. Human rights formulation in international law cannot be separated from the issue of foreign policy. This paper will conduct a theoretical study of how the concept of Islamic Law itself protects human rights and how it relates to its relationship with post-reform foreign policy. This paper uses a comparative study between legislation and texts (verses) both in the Koran and the hadith, a comparative-critical analysis method makes it easier for the author to find substance in terms of answering the problem statement in this study. The results or conclusions obtained are that human rights are a reflection of carrying out Islamic law in order to realize the nature of universal human benefit. Islam considers that human rights are in accordance with sharia principles, namely protecting one's right to life. This is a strong basis for the study of Islamic law in contributing to the development of human rights principles in the international communityKeywords: Islamic Law, Human Rights, Globalization, International LawPerkembangan kajian hukum Islam di Indonesia makin menarik untuk diikuti. penggunaan pendekatan multidisipliner ilmu-ilmu keislaman, membuat ilmu hukum Islam tidak hanya bersifat normatif-teologis analisanya tapi sudah terintegrasi dengan banyak bidang keilmuan baik ilmu-ilmu sains maupun humaniora. Isu-isu global yang sifatnya kontemporer mengharuskan para pengamat dan pengkaji hukum Islam untuk serius melakukan telaah ulang terhadap ilmu hukum Islam secara mendalam, salah satu isu global yang saat ini menarik dan menjadi perbincangan banyak kalangan adalah soal perlindungan hak asasi manusia. Rumusan HAM dalam hukum internasional tidak bisa dilepaskan dengan persoalan politik luar negeri. Tulisan ini akan melakukan kajian teoritik tentang bagaimana konsep Hukum Islam itu sendiri terhadap perlindungan hak asasi manusia dan bagaimana pula terkait hubungannya dengan politik luar negeri pasca reformasi. Tulisan ini menggunakan studi komparatif antara perundangundangan dengan teks (ayat) baik itu di dalam Al-Quran maupun hadits, metode analisis-kritis komparatif memudahkan penulis menemukan substansi dalam hal untuk menjawab rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini. Hasil atau kesimpulan yang didapat adalah HAM adalah refleksi untuk menjalankan syariat Islam demi mewujudkan hakikat kemaslahatan manusia secara universal. Islam memandang bahwa HAM sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip syariah yakni melindungi hak hidup seseorang. Hal ini merupakan dasar yang kuat untuk kajian hukum Islam dalam memberikan kontribusi pada perkembangan prinsip-prinsip hak asasi manusia di dalam masyarakat internasional.Kata Kunci: Hukum Islam, Hak Asasi Manusia, Globalisasi, Hukum Internasional


2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (18) ◽  
pp. 2140-2165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena B. Popovic-Djordjevic ◽  
Ivana I. Jevtic ◽  
Tatjana P. Stanojkovic

Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is an endocrine disease of global proportions which is currently affecting 1 in 12 adults in the world, with still increasing prevalence. World Health Organization (WHO) declared this worldwide health problem, as an epidemic disease, to be the only non-infectious disease with such categorization. People with DMT2 are at increased risk of various complications and have shorter life expectancy. The main classes of oral antidiabetic drugs accessible today for DMT2 vary in their chemical composition, modes of action, safety profiles and tolerability. Methods: A systematic search of peer-reviewed scientific literature and public databases has been conducted. We included the most recent relevant research papers and data in respect to the focus of the present review. The quality of retrieved papers was assessed using standard tools. Results: The review highlights the chemical structural diversity of the molecules that have the common target-DMT2. So-called traditional antidiabetics as well as the newest and the least explored drugs include polypeptides and amino acid derivatives (insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors, amylin), sulfonylurea derivatives, benzylthiazolidine- 2,4-diones (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ agonists/glitazones), condensed guanido core (metformin) and sugar-like molecules (α-glucosidase and sodium/ glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors). Conclusion: As diabetes becomes a more common disease, interest in new pharmacological targets is on the rise.


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