Based on Nordhaus’ classic marginal abatement cost form, and the marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) for China calculated by EPPA model, this paper obtains the optimal CO2abatement allocation among different provinces in China with a minimum total abatement cost. In order to verify the effectiveness of the allocation scheme, we also consider the allocation program of carbon dioxide emissions reduction in population, GDP, and energy consumption, and the result shows that the optimal allocation we propose is the most cost-effective.