Export product diversification and energy efficiency: Empirical evidence from OECD countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 232-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Adnan Bashir ◽  
Bin Sheng ◽  
Buhari Doğan ◽  
Suleman Sarwar ◽  
Umer Shahzad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Export Product ◽  
Export Product Diversification

scholarly journals Export Diversification and Ecological Footprint: A Comparative Study on EKC Theory among Korea, Japan, and China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbo Liu ◽  
Hanho Kim ◽  
Shuanglu Liang ◽  
Oh-Sang Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Ecological Footprint ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Export Product ◽  
Export Product Diversification

This study examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis by adopting a country’s ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation in three East Asian countries: Japan, Korea, and China. During the development process, countries intend to balance between stabilizing export demand and maintaining sustainable economic improvement in the context of deteriorating global warming and climate change. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (henceforth, EKC) was originally developed to estimate the correlation between environment condition and economic development. In this paper, we started from the EKC model and adopted an Error Correction Methodology (henceforth, ECM) to estimate the EKC relationships in Japan, Korea (two developed countries), and China (a developing country) over the period of 1990 to 2013. Besides this, instead of only using Gross Domestic Product (henceforth, GDP), two subdivisions of trade diversification—export product diversification and export market diversification—are introduced as proxy variables for economic development in rectification of the EKC. The results demonstrate that both Korea and Japan satisfy the EKC theory by demonstrating an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic development and ecological footprint, while analysis based on data from China does not display the same tendency. For both export product diversification and market diversification, the more diversified the country’s export is, the bigger its ecological footprint. The policy implications of this econometric outcome are also discussed.

scholarly journals Export Diversification and Financial Openness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sena Kimm Gnangnon
Keyword(s):  
Capita Income ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Financial Openness ◽  
Generalized Methods Of Moments ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Export Product ◽  
Export Product Diversification

This paper investigates empirically the effect of export diversification (i.e., both export product diversification and services export diversification) on financial openness, using a sample of 119 countries (including both developed and developing countries) over the period 1985-2014. Based on the Blundell and Bond's two-step system Generalized Methods of Moments, the analysis has revealed that both export product diversification and services export diversification influence positively financial openness. However, this outcome hides differentiated effects across countries in the full sample. Specially, countries with a very high real per capita income experience a positive effect of export concentration on financial openness, while for countries with a relatively lower per capita income, it is rather export diversification that drives positively financial openness. Interestingly, the effect of export diversification on financial openness depends on the size of external shocks that affect domestic economies, as well as countries' economic growth performance. Overall, these findings add to the empirical literature on the effect of international trade on financial openness by showing that both export product diversification and services export diversification matter for financial openness.

Multilateral Trade Liberalization and Democracy: Does Export Product Diversification Matter?

2020 ◽  
pp. 2150002
Author(s):  
Sena Kimm Gnangnon
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Resource Rents ◽  
Natural Resource Rents ◽  
Multilateral Trade Liberalization ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Export Product ◽  
Export Product Diversification

This paper explores the effect of multilateral trade liberalization (MTP) on democracy, using a set of 148 countries over the period 1996–2016. In particular, it investigates whether this effect depends on countries’ level of export product concentration. The analysis shows that MTP promotes democracy only when it reaches a certain threshold. Furthermore, MTP promotes democracy in countries that enjoy a high degree of export product diversification, including away from primary products, or in those with low dependence on natural resource rents. These findings have important policy implications.

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