STRUKTUR PASAR DAN DAYA SAING KARET ALAM INDONESIA DI AMERIKA SERIKAT

Abstrak Karet alam Indonesia berperan penting dalam meningkatkan perekonomian nasional melalui ekspor karet alam ke berbagai negara, termasuk ke Amerika Serikat. Dalam upaya mengembangkan ekspor karet alamnya, Indonesia perlu melakukan kalkulasi posisi dan daya saing karet alam di antara negara-negara pesaing serta peluang pasarnya ke Amerika Serikat yang memiliki permintaan impor relatif tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis struktur pasar, serta keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif karet alam Indonesia di pasar Amerika Serikat. Analisis dilakukan selama periode tahun 2008-2019 menggunakan metode Herfindahl Index (HI), Concentration Ratio (CR4), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), dan Diamond’s Porter. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa struktur pasar karet alam Indonesia cenderung oligopoli. Dibandingkan dengan negara-negara eksportir lainnya, karet alam Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif di pasar Amerika Serikat. Keunggulan kompetitif karet alam Indonesia di Amerika Serikat mengalami penurunan dari posisi lost opportunity pada periode pertama (2008-2011) menjadi retreat pada periode ketiga (2016-2019). Hasil dari Diamond’s Porter menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tujuh faktor keunggulan kompetitif dan tiga faktor kelemahan dalam industri karet alam di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Concentration Ratio, Diamond’s Porter, EPD, Herfindahl Index, RCA Abstract Indonesian natural rubber plays a significant role in improving the national economy through exports of natural rubber to various countries, including the United States. In an effort to develop its natural rubber exports, Indonesia needs to calculate the position and competitiveness of natural rubber among competing countries and its market opportunities to the United States, which has a relatively high import demand. The purpose of this study is to analyze the market structure, as well as the comparative and competitive advantages of Indonesian natural rubber in the United States market. The analysis was carried out during the period 2008-2019 using the methods Herfindahl Index (HI), Concentration Ratio (CR4), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), and Diamond's Porter. The results of the analysis show that the structure of the Indonesian natural rubber market tends to be an oligopoly. Compared to other exporting countries, Indonesian natural rubber has a comparative advantage in the United States market. The competitiveness of Indonesian natural rubber in the US decline over time from the lost opportunity position in the first period (2008-2011) to retreat in the third period (2016-2019). The Diamond's Porter results show that there are seven competitive advantage factors and three weakness factors in Indonesia's natural rubber industry. Keywords: Concentration Ratio, Diamond’s Porter, EPD, Herfindahl Index, RCA JEL Classification: F13, F15, F18

Analisis Daya Saing dan Potensi Ekspor Mobil Indonesia di Kawasan Asia Selatan

Mobil Indonesia berada di peringkat empat sebagai komoditas non-migas dengan nilai ekspor tertinggi. Oleh karena itu, Kementerian Perindustrian meluncurkan program “Making Indonesia 4.0” pada tahun 2018 dimana salah satu targetnya adalah menjadikan Indonesia sebagai pengekspor mobil terbesar di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, daya saing mobil Indonesia di pasar ekspor layak untuk diselidiki. Penelitian ini menganalisis daya saing mobil Indonesia di kawasan Asia Selatan karena selain belum menerapkan peraturan emisi yang ketat, penjualan mobil di kawasan ini mempunyai tren yang positif. Data penelitian adalah data ekspor mobil Indonesia ke empat negara Asia Selatan yaitu Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, dan Sri Lanka periode 2006 – 2019. Data tersebut dianalisis dengan menggunakan tiga metode: Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), Export Product Dynamics (EPD), dan X-Model Potential Export Products. Rata-rata indeks RSCA bernilai negatif yang menunjukkan bahwa daya saing mobil Indonesia masih lemah di keempat negara Asia Selatan, tetapi indeks RSCA bernilai positif hanya di Pakistan sejak 2016. Berdasarkan matriks EPD, mobil Indonesia berada di posisi Rising Star di tiga negara kecuali Sri Lanka yang berada pada posisi Falling Star. Analisis X-Model menunjukkan bahwa Bangladesh, India, dan Pakistan merupakan pasar potensial sebagai tujuan ekspor mobil Indonesia meskipun daya saing masih lemah, hanya Sri Lanka yang kurang potensial.

Analisis Daya Saing Kakao Olahan dan Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Daya Saing Kakao Olahan Provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia di Pasar Internasional

Peningkatan ekspor kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara ke pasar Malaysia dan Singapura akan meningkatkan daya saing. Potensi ini memberikan nilai tambah bagi industri pengolahan kakao nasional. Tujuan penelitian menganalisis daya saing kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara di Pasar Internasional, menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap daya saing kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara di Pasar Malaysia dan Singapura. Metode penelitian menggunakan Revealed Comparative advantage (RCA) dan Export Product Dynamic (EPD) menganalisis daya saing kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara di Pasar Internasional. Regresi Linear Berganda untuk menganalisis faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap daya saing kakao olahan(cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara di Pasar Malaysia dan Singapura. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Sumatera Utara memiliki daya saing yang kuat di Pasar Malaysia dan Singapura. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap daya saing kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara adalah volume ekspor kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara, harga domestik kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara, harga ekspor kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara, harga ekspor kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Ghana, kebijakan bea keluar biji berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap daya saing kakao olahan (cocoa butter) Sumatera Utara ke Pasar Malaysia dan Singapura.

Diversifikasi Pasar dan Daya Saing Ekspor Produk Olahan Kopi Indonesia ke Negara Emerging Market Terpilih

Ekspor kopi di Indonesia hingga kini masih didominasi oleh biji kopi, tetapi nilai ekspor biji kopi terus menurun. Sebaliknya, ekspor Produk Olahan Kopi Indonesia (POKI) cenderung meningkat selama periode 2015-2019. Namun, ekspor POKI masih didominasi ke satu negara, yaitu Filipina, sehingga ekspornya sangat terpengaruh dengan kondisi negara tersebut. Hal ini menyebabkan ekspor POKI rentan tidak stabil. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan diversifikasi pasar terhadap ekspor POKI. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat diversifikasi pasar ekspor POKI dan daya saing ekspornya ke beberapa negara emerging market tujuan diversifikasi selama periode 2010-2019. Ukuran yang digunakan yaitu Indeks Hirschman, Revealed Comparative Advantage, Export Product Dynamic, dan X-Model. Hasilnya, diketahui bahwa diversifikasi pasar ekspor POKI secara agregat belum cukup baik. Selain itu, daya saing ekspor POKI ke beberapa negara tujuan emerging market sudah cukup baik dengan posisi yang strategis. Berdasarkan hasil X-model, diperoleh lima negara yang secara optimis dapat menjadi tujuan diversifikasi.

AID FOR TRADE FLOWS AND POVERTY REDUCTION

The effectiveness of Aid for Trade (AfT) interventions, including with respect to recipient countries’ trade performance, has now been well explored in the literature. However, in spite of the voluminous literature on the poverty effect of the total official development aid, the effect of AfT flows on poverty has received little attention on the empirical front. This paper aims to contribute to the policy debate on this matter by investigating the effect of AfT flows on poverty in recipient countries. In particular, the analysis explores whether this effect translates through countries’ level of export product concentration, as the latter can influence income inequality, and hence the transformation of economic growth into poverty reduction in recipient countries. The empirical analysis, based on 100[Formula: see text]AfT recipient countries, has shown that AfT interventions are associated with poverty reduction in countries that diversify their export products, including toward manufacturing products. Additionally, AfT flows dampen the positive poverty effect of income inequality, and lead to greater poverty reduction in countries with a great extent of fiscal redistribution. Finally, the analysis has shown that AfT interventions mitigate the positive poverty effect of import product concentration. These results have important policy implications.

Scientific journeys to one of the oldest copper cementation sites in Central Europe (Smolník, Slovakia)

The process of copper cementation has already been known since the period of antiquity in Europe. Nevertheless, the first historically relevant reports come from the 14th century from the mining town of Smolník in Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia), which makes this site the oldest place of the commercial production of copper using cementation in Europe. It is one of the oldest known sites in the world after China, where this process has been used since the 11th century. The cementation copper from Smolník was considered to be a high-quality copper in the period between the 14th and 19th century and was an important export product of Hungary. The study processes the history of cementation and discusses the production process of the artificial cementation water, as well as its subsequent mining and sedimentation. A detailed description of the technological progress of cementation from the earliest times up to the first half of the 19th century is given. The study is based upon the historical works of medieval alchemists and the first miners and naturalists, which were published as early scientific books in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century. These findings are complemented by original archival research.

Analisis Kinerja Ekspor alas kaki Indonesia ke kawasan ASEAN

Ekspor utama alas kaki Indonesia adalah ke Amerika Serikat dan beberapa negara di Eropa, sedangkan untuk kawasan terdekat dengan Indonesia, seperti ASEAN, nilai ekspor alas kaki Indonesia cukup rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis daya saing dan kinerja ekspor alas kaki Indonesia ke kawasan ASEAN tahun 2010-2014. Negara mitra dalam penelitian ini adalah Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand, Filipina, Vietnam, dan Brunei Darussalam. Analisis daya saing dilakukan dengan menggunakan indikator Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA), Porter's Diamond, dan Export Product Dynamic (EPD). Hasil analisis RCA menunjukkan bahwa alas kaki Indonesia memiliki daya saing di semua negara kecuali Malaysia. Hasil model Porter's Diamond menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki daya saing yang kuat di sektor alas kaki. Hasil analisis EPD menunjukkan bahwa ekspor alas kaki ke sebagian besar negara mitra masuk dalam kriteria falling star. Selanjutnya, analisis kinerja ekspor alas kaki ke kawasan ASEAN dilakukan dengan menggunakan Gravity Model. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa semua variabel berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja ekspor alas kaki. PDB per kapita Indonesia, jarak ekonomi, dan harga ekspor berpengaruh negatif terhadap kinerja ekspor, sedangkan PDB per kapita negara mitra berpengaruh positif. Depresiasi nilai tukar berdampak positif terhadap peningkatan kinerja ekspor.

Daya Saing Ekspor Lada Indonesia di Pasar Amerika dan Eropa

As a major producing country, Indonesia is one of the world's largest pepper exporters where America and some European Union countries have become the destinations of its exports. The purposes of this study are to analyze the performance of Indonesian pepper and the development of its exports and to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian pepper exports in American and European markets, especially in the period 2004-2018. This research used descriptive analysis from the trade data period 2004-2018, to analyze the performance of Indonesian pepper. From the same data set, this study used competitiveness analysis with the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method, Export Product Dynamics (EPD), and Trade Specialization Index (ISP). The results showed that the area of cropland and production of Indonesian pepper had decreased, the development of Indonesian pepper exports was also quite volatile. Based on the calculation of RCA, Indonesia has competitiveness or comparative advantage for exports to Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Belgium. The EPD value showed Indonesia was in a Retreat position in the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium. While Indonesia is in the position of Rising Star in Italy, Falling Star in France, and Lost Opportunity in America. Finally, The ISP value showed that Indonesia has strong competitiveness as an exporter of whole pepper.