Research on C2C e-commerce taxation based on mixed decision game

The rapid rise of C2C e-commerce in China has brought serious difficulties to China's tax collection and management. Based on the principle of progressive taxation, the necessity of Taxation on C2C e-commerce is analyzed and discussed. It is shown that the absence of Taxation in C2C e-commerce is contrary to the principle of tax equity and tax neutrality, and the tax revenue is lost.It is demonstrated that it is imperative that China to implement C2C e-commerce taxation in a comprehensive and standardized way. By constructing a hybrid decision game model between C2C business operators and tax authorities, the static game analysis of incomplete information is conducted for the balance of interests between tax authorities and e-commerce operators.

Research on C2C E-Commerce Taxation Based on Mixed Decision Game

The rapid rise of C2C e-commerce in China has brought serious difficulties to China's tax collection and management. Based on the principle of progressive taxation, the necessity of Taxation on C2C e-commerce is analyzed and discussed. It is shown that the absence of Taxation in C2C e-commerce is contrary to the principle of tax equity and tax neutrality, and the tax revenue is lost.It is demonstrated that it is imperative that China to implement C2C e-commerce taxation in a comprehensive and standardized way. By constructing a hybrid decision game model between C2C business operators and tax authorities, the static game analysis of incomplete information is conducted for the balance of interests between tax authorities and e-commerce operators.

Impact of Tax reforms in Government of Indias Indirect Tax Collections with Special Reference to Year 2000-2020

In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the implications of tax reforms after the economic liberalization in 1991 with respect to collection of indirect tax revenue of the Government of India during the last two decades (2000-20). The composition of indirect tax revenue of the Government has undergone a drastic change during the last two decades. Post implementation of the GST Act, the levy of Central Excise has been restricted to petroleum and tobacco products and GST has evolved as the major contributor to the indirect tax revenue collections followed by the Customs Duty. Comparative analysis of indirect tax collections of the Central Government with respect to its growth, share in gross tax revenue, percentage of GDP and composition has been done for the period from 2000-01 to 2019-20. The current study has revealed the growth rate of indirect taxes has not only been uneven but also declined during the year 2001-02, 2008-09 and 2009-10. The share of indirect tax in the gross tax revenue has also gradually declined from 63% in 2000-01 to 46% in 2019- 20%. The indirect tax-GDP ratio has remained stagnant in the range of 3.5 to 5.5 % during the last two decades.

Pajak Kekayaan, Alternatif Sumber Penerimaan Pajak di Indonesia Merespons Pandemi Covid-19

In response to the decline in tax revenue due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the government has issued a regulation to collect a new tax, namely the Carbon Tax through Law Number 7 of 2021 concerning Harmonization of Tax Regulations. Because this Carbon Tax is being implemented for the first time in Indonesia and its calculation is also not simple, it is estimated that the successful collection of it will take a long time. Whereas the need to explore new sources of tax revenue is needed at this time in the short term to cope with sharply increasing expenditures in order to overcome the medical and social impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic. The government could consider implementing a Wealth Tax in addition to existing taxes including the Carbon Tax. Wealth Tax in addition to increasing tax revenues can also be used as a means of redistribution of wealth in order to reduce the wide gap between the rich and the poor. The proposed Wealth Tax is a Wealth Tax that is levied only once, intended for individuals, with a threshold as well as Non-Taxable Wealth (NTW) of Rp21,000,000,000.00 for unmarried taxpayers and Rp22,500,000,000.00 for marriage taxpayers, using progressive rates of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.75%, and can be repaid in installments for 5 years. The basis for imposition of Wealth Tax is net assets, namely the total assets minus the total liabilities reported in the Annual Income Tax Return (SPT) of the previous year's individual taxpayers minus the Non-Taxable Wealth (NTW). Using data on the wealth of the Indonesian population in 2018, it is estimated that thecollection of this Wealth Tax can generate additional tax revenues of around 0.83% of the Gross Domestic Product in 2020.

Tax Expenditures and the Tax Reform Act of 1969 in the United States

In the United States, tax favoritism—an approach that has weakened the extractive capacity of the federal government by providing tax loopholes and preferences for taxpayers—has remained since the 1930s. It has consumed the amount of tax revenue the government can spend and therefore weakened the possibility of the redistribution of fiscal resources. It has also made the federal tax system complicated and inequitable, resulting in undermining taxpayer consent. Therefore, since the 1930s, a tax reform to create a simple, fair, and equitable federal income tax system with the capacity to raise revenue has been long overdue. Many scholars have evaluated the Tax Reform Act of 1969 (TRA69), which Richard M. Nixon signed into law on December 30, 1969, as one of the most successful steps toward accomplishing this goal. This article demonstrates that TRA69 left tax favoritism in the United States. Furthermore, it points out that TRA69 turned taxpayers against the idea of federal taxation, a shift in public perception that greatly impacted tax reform in the years to follow.

The Link between Tax Revenue Components and Economic Growth: Evidence from South Africa. An ARDL Approach

This study examined the link between tax revenue components and economic growth in South Africa, utilizing time series data for the period of 22 years. The stationarity of the variables was established using the Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root test, and the existence of long-run and short-run equilibrium conditions was tested using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. As a proxy for economic growth, the study used the real GDP growth rate as the dependent variable, with company income tax, personal income tax, taxes on international trade and transactions, taxes on income, profits, and capital gains tax, foreign direct investment, inflation, and gross savings as the independent variables. According to the PP findings, none of the variables are integrated at a higher order than one, i.e. (1). All variables are found to be cointegrated, and all explanatory variables have a long-run link with economic growth. According to the ARDL findings, company income tax, personal income tax, and taxes on international trade and transactions all have a positive long-run and short-run link with economic growth, whereas capital gain tax, foreign direct investment, and gross savings all have a negative long-run and short-run link with economic growth. The long-run coefficient is negatively related to RGDP, while the short-run coefficient revealed a positive link between inflation and economic growth, among other findings. Heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation are not present in our model, according to diagnostic tests. The CUSUM and CUSUMSQ values indicate that the model is structurally sound.

PERAN PETUGAS KOLEKTOR DESA DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK DALAM MEMBAYAR PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN (PBB-P2) DI KABUPATEN SUBANG

This research is motivated by the level of taxpayer compliance in paying Land and Building Tax, the lack of coordination between village collector officers and the Regional Revenue Agency, and the low performance in collecting Land and Building Taxes. The method in this study uses qualitative research. Primary data sources are 10 people. Data collection techniques in this study using interviews, observation and documentation. The data analysis technique uses data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions or verification. Test the validity of the data in this study using prolonged observation of increased persistence and triangulation. The results obtained in this study, the role of village collector officers in improving taxpayer compliance in paying PBB taxes in Subang District, Jalancagak District and Subang District has been implemented but not maximized. Not maximized based on the obstacles that occur, both internal and external obstacles. Internal obstacles include the lack of awareness of taxpayers in paying land and building taxes, lack of understanding of land and building taxes, lack of understanding of the main duties and functions of village collector officers and the economic condition of taxpayers. Meanwhile, external constraints include, where the tax subject is not known to the officer, the contents of the data are not in accordance with the tax object owned, multiple tax returns (SPPT) and regional expansion. The strategic efforts carried out are by providing counseling or socialization, increasing the level of land and building tax services and providing sanctions so that the achievement of the target of land and building tax revenue can be achieved.

New Australian consumer payments regulation likely

Significance Market sectors under scrutiny include buy-now-pay-later (BNPL) platforms, cryptocurrency exchanges and digital wallets. All have seen a recent leap in popularity, driven in part by COVID-related concerns but mostly by the mainstream interest in alternative payment methods, leaving regulators concerned. Impacts The Treasurer is likely to gain extended powers to plug gaps in regulatory policy and address convergence issues. Liquidity concerns over cryptocurrency trading could be overcome through a central bank digital currency. Concerns over lost tax revenue and consumer protection, as well as the need to contain market risk, are driving reform efforts.

UNDERSTANDING THE ‘SHADOW ECONOMY’ IN SMES – A MALPRACTICE FROM INDONESIA, 2009-2020

<p>Concerns about the shadow economy in Indonesia, estimated to have hurt GDP by around 25% per year. We try to calculate the effect of the components involved in tax revenue caused by the shadow economy because we projected it to hinder the growth of SMEs. It aimed the orientation at Indonesia. We got data coverage from official institutions of national and international related to variable limits. We observe the development in the period 2009-2020, which requires linear regression analysis methods and non-linear logistic regression. The results confirm that among the six hypotheses we propose, five hypotheses are acceptable, i.e. FDI has a significant effect on the share of SMEs, corruption perceptions and control of corruption have a significant effect on income and profit taxes, then it also has a significant effect on the shadow economy, and the shadow economy also has an effect significant to tax revenue. From other findings, only the share of SMEs has no significant effect on income and profit taxes. The added value of this empirical finding can reduce the weaknesses of previous studies that predominantly consider financial (tax) and economic dimensions so that variables such as SMEs, corruption control, and public perceptions of corruption.</p>

EFFECT OF INSUFFICIENT CURRENCY IN CIRCULATION ON THE RATE OF INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA: THE BUHARI’S ADMINISTRATION EXPERIENCE

This study investigated the effect of insufficient currency in circulation on the rate of inflation and unemployment in Nigeria: The Buhari’s Administration Experience; using annual time-series data ranging from 1985 to 2020. In achieving this task, the study was disaggregated into two models: model 1 utilizing Vector Error Correction Model to analyse the relationship between fiscal variables (government total expenditure, government tax revenue, and export) and unemployment rate. It was revealed from the unit root of Augmented Dickey-Fuller test that none of the (fiscal) variables was stationary at level, but they were all stationary after 1st Differencing. This made it necessary for the study to apply Johansen co-integration test which the estimated result indicated 1 co-integration equation as evidenced by Trace statistic. This also, necessitated the application of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), and it was observed that it took 61.71% annual speed of adjustment towards long-run equilibrium from short-run disequilibrium for unemployment rate to return to equilibrium after a shock to fiscal variables. The results further explained that government total expenditure, and government tax revenue, had negative and insignificant impact on unemployment rate respectively, thereby reducing unemployment rate. Similarly, the estimated result indicated that export had positive impact on unemployment thereby increasing unemployment rate within the period under study. Similarly, in analysing monetary variables (money supply, exchange rate and prime lending rate) in model 2: Phillip-Peron unit root test was conducted and it was confirmed that the variables were of mixed order of integration which necessitated the employment of ARDL technique. The ARDL bounds testing result revealed that a long-run relationship existed between monetary variables, and inflation. It was found, in the long-run, that money supply caused inflation rate to rise. More so, the result further revealed that present level of exchange rate decelerated inflation rate in both long-run and short-run. While, it was further observed that the one-year lag and two-year lag of exchange rate increased rate of inflation in both log-run and short-run respectively. The estimated result further revealed that the present level of prime lending rate minimised the rate of inflation in the long-run and short-run. Whereas, similar results were further confirmed in the one-year lag and two-year lag that prime lending rate reduced inflation rate in both log-run and short-run. As a result of these findings, with respect to model 1; the study recommended that government should maintain the level of its expenditure and tax revenue as this reduced unemployment rate, and it should lower trade costs so that demand for labour would increase in the export industry, this would make aggregate unemployment rate to reduce. With respect to model 2; it recommended the adoption of contractionary monetary policy that would minimise the amount of money supply that caused long-run effect on inflation in the system. Furthermore, there should be proper maintenance of fixed exchange rate policy that will make exchange rate regime overcome non-military forces of demand and supply in exchange rate market, this will help maintain low rate of inflation.