The aim of this study was to understand how molecular determinants of epithelial cells influence initial infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Upon infection of the epithelial MDCKII cell line, enhanced association of virus particles with cells forming actin protrusions was observed, suggesting a putative role of actin dynamics in HSV-1 infection. Thus, the impact of the small Rho-like GTPases Rac1, Cdc42 and RhoA acting as key regulators of actin dynamics was addressed. Endogenous Rac1 and Cdc42 were temporarily activated at 15 and 30 min after HSV-1 infection. When constitutively active Cdc42 or Rac1 mutants were expressed transiently, a significant decrease in infectivity was observed, whereas expression of RhoA mutants had no influence. Furthermore, dominant-negative Cdc42 led to decreased infectivity, whereas dominant-negative Rac1 had no effect. So far, the study of potential effectors indicated that Rac1/Cdc42 mutants inhibited infectivity independently of p21-activated kinase (Pak1). The inhibitory effect of Rac1/Cdc42 mutant expression on HSV-1 infection was characterized further and it was found that binding, internalization and transport of HSV-1 were not affected by expression of Rac1/Cdc42 mutants. Thus, these results provide the first evidence for a role of Rac1/Cdc42 signalling during early HSV-1 infection and suggest a mechanism relying on virus-induced regulation of Rac1/Cdc42 activities.
Expanding the role of 3-O sulfated heparan sulfate in herpes simplex virus type-1 entry
