Behaviour of electrical resistance strain gauges at low temperatures II. Gauge factor

Cryogenics ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 10-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Greenough ◽  
E.W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Resistance Strain ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Electrical Resistance Strain

Additive Manufacturing of electrical strain gauges for the monitoring of embankment failures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Chen ◽  
Panagiotis Michalis ◽  
Manousos Valyrakis
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Structural Material ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Resistance Strain ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Conductive Material ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Electrical Resistance Strain

<p>Embankments, found in virtually all transportation and river networks, can be subjected to severe scouring and erosion issues due to more intensified climatic change, which may increase their failure risk [1]. Monitoring of embankment conditions with modern means is essential for ensuring the structural stability of nearby infrastructure (eg. roads and rail networks) against any geotechnical and hydraulic hazards [2, 3]. Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly referred to as 3D printing (3DP), is increasingly finding applications in the construction industry and is defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International Committee as “the process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer”. This research is demonstrating the application of additive manufacturing technology in producing an electrical resistance strain gauge mechanism [2] to monitor the probability of embankment scouring failure, thus, warning could be given prior any devastating catastrophes, and preventive measures could be implemented accordingly. Electrical resistance strain gauges could be manufactured utilizing a dual-extrusion 3D printer which allows simultaneous depositions of a conductive material and a structural material in one print. Specifically, a range of control parameters are assessed here including different arrangements of the conductive material within the structural material matrix as well as infill percentages. The parameters aforementioned have effects on the gauge factor of the strain gauges produced. Overall, the 3DP sensors could be deployed to monitor embankment slope failure attributed to erosion, flooding and external loading (eg. due to heavy vehicle passage over it, for road embankments), which are important challenges [2, 3].</p><p> </p><p>Acknowledgements</p><p>This research project has been funded by Transport Scotland, under the 2019/20 Innovation Fund (Scheme ID18/SE/0401/014) and the Scottish Road Research Board (Student research competition award 2019).</p><p> </p><p>References</p><p>[1] Koursari, E., Wallace, S., Valyrakis, M. and Michalis, P. (2019). The need for real time and robust sensing of infrastructure risk due to extreme hydrologic events, 2019 UK/ China Emerging Technologies (UCET), Glasgow, United Kingdom, 2019, pp. 1-3. doi: 10.1109/UCET.2019.8881865</p><p> </p><p>[2] Michalis, P., Saafi, M. and Judd, M. (2012) Wireless sensor networks for surveillance and monitoring of bridge scour. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of Protection and Restoration of the Environment (KatsifarakisKL, Theodossiou N, Christodoulatos C, Koutsospyros Aand Mallios Z (eds)). Thessaloniki, Greece, pp. 1345–1354</p><p> </p><p>[3] Michalis, P.; Konstantinidis, F.; Valyrakis, M. (2019) The road towards Civil Infrastructure 4.0 for proactive asset management of critical infrastructure systems. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Natural Hazards & Infrastructure (ICONHIC), Chania, Greece, 23–26 June 2019.</p>

scholarly journals Field Techniques for Experimental Stress Analysis in Arctic Sea Ice

1980 ◽  
Vol 25 (91) ◽  
pp. 175-182
Author(s):  
G. V. B. Cochran
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Resistance Strain ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Experimental Stress Analysis ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Electrical Resistance Strain

AbstractIncreasing interest is being directed toward studies involving measurement of strain and strain-rates in sea and glacier ice. A number of techniques for obtaining these data over gauge lengths ranging from 1 m to several kilometers have been reported, but there has been little experience with shorter lengths. Use of commercially available electrical resistance strain-gauges (length 5–20 cm) intended for embedment in concrete offers a new approach in which multiple gauge, two- and three-dimensional arrays can be installed in ice with minimum effort and monitored with portable equipment. This report describes a pilot study designed to demonstrate the use of three types of electrical resistance strain gauges in sea ice under exposed field conditions. Results include detection of variations in strain fields related to tidal currents.

Mechanical Hysteresis in Force Transducers Manufactured from Precipitation-Hardened Stainless Steel

1995 ◽  
Vol 209 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Allgeier ◽  
W T Evans
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
Resistance Strain ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Material Behaviour ◽  
Mechanical Hysteresis ◽  
Force Transducers ◽  
Strain Relationship ◽  
Electrical Resistance Strain

A non-linear, anelastic stress-strain relationship, hereafter called mechanical hysteresis, which leads to a significant error in the output signal of electrical resistance strain gauge force transducers, has been confirmed to be a general phenomena in precipitation-hardened stainless steels. The mechanism of mechanical hysteresis has been found to be due to the material behaviour; nevertheless, the design of the force transducer and details of the electrical resistance strain gauges could impose further minor effects on the size of the error. Some of the secondary influencing factors (for example loading and mounting details) have been eliminated in the course of the investigation. Using a specially developed heat treatment process, it has been possible to substantially reduce the hysteresis error, which in turn improves the force transducer accuracy.

High-temperature high-elongation resistance strain gauges

1969 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Bertodo
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Resistance Strain ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Electrical Stability ◽  
Pertinent Data ◽  
High Elongation ◽  
Slow Cycling ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Electrical Resistance Strain

The paper outlines an investigation undertaken in an attempt to evolve an electrical-resistance strain gauge for the measurement of slowly varying strains in the range ±5 per cent over the temperature interval 20°C-400°C in oxidizing environments. A critical review of published work suggested that few pertinent data existed for plastically strained conductors and that only alloys having a high degree of electrical stability and a strain sensitivity close to 2·0 would be suitable. Two alloys appeared to possess such properties, namely one containing nearly equal molecular proportions of nickel and copper and one approximating to 4(Ni3Cr)Ni3Al. Subsequent tests on long free spcimens revealed that the electrical stability was dictated by metallurgical factors and in some way related to the fatigue ductility. Only the nickel-chromium-aluminium alloy was adequately stable, electrically and metallurgically, over the temperature range of interest, provided it was in the disordered annealed condition. Measurement errors became too high at fatigue strains above ±1·5 per cent at 400°C. Tests were carried out on flat-grid gauges with bonding media having shear strengths in excess of about 1000 lb/in2, this being the apparent limiting value for faithful transfer of strains of up to ±1·5 per cent from the specimen to the strin-sensing grid. These largely corroborated earlier tests on free specimens and suggested that strains of up to ±11/2 per cent could be detected with an error of about 10 per cent at 400°C. The zero drift amounted to an equivalent strin of 400 μin/in and this required separate correcton. The problems of temperature compensation for slow cycling rates were similar to those met in conventional steady-strain measurements with electrical-resistance strain gauges and were in no way alleviated by the high strain output available.

Behaviour of brazed pipe flanges with separate clamping rings

1975 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Fessler ◽  
D A Perry
Keyword(s):  
Surface Finish ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Resistance Strain ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Material Surface ◽  
Surface Finishes ◽  
Gasket Material ◽  
Internal Pressures ◽  
Electrical Resistance Strain

Three pairs of aluminium-brass 100-mm-bore flange models with different surface finishes of the joint faces have been subjected to known bolting forces and internal pressures up to seven times the rated pressure at room temperature. Hard and soft flat gaskets were used and it was found that the joint efficiency was independent of gasket material, surface finish, and initial bolt tension. Surface strains on the outer surfaces of the tubes and flange rings were measured with electrical-resistance strain gauges where these could be fitted. These results are also presented. The flanges did not fail; tests ended when the loose steel rings touched owing to excessive deformation, so that the gaskets were prevented from sealing.

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