ABSTRACT
During DNA polymerase switching, the Xenopus laevis Cip/Kip-type cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Xic1 associates with trimeric proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and is recruited to chromatin, where it is ubiquitinated and degraded. In this study, we show that the predominant E3 for Xic1 in the egg is the Cul4-DDB1-XCdt2 (Xenopus Cdt2) (CRL4Cdt2) ubiquitin ligase. The addition of full-length XCdt2 to the Xenopus extract promotes Xic1 turnover, while the N-terminal domain of XCdt2 (residues 1 to 400) cannot promote Xic1 turnover, despite its ability to bind both Xic1 and DDB1. Further analysis demonstrated that XCdt2 binds directly to PCNA through its C-terminal domain (residues 401 to 710), indicating that this interaction is important for promoting Xic1 turnover. We also identify the cis-acting sequences required for Xic1 binding to Cdt2. Xic1 binds to Cdt2 through two domains (residues 161 to 170 and 179 to 190) directly flanking the Xic1 PCNA binding domain (PIP box) but does not require PIP box sequences (residues 171 to 178). Similarly, human p21 binds to human Cdt2 through residues 156 to 161, adjacent to the p21 PIP box. In addition, we identify five lysine residues (K180, K182, K183, K188, and K193) immediately downstream of the Xic1 PIP box and within the second Cdt2 binding domain as critical sites for Xic1 ubiquitination. Our studies suggest a model in which both the CRL4Cdt2 E3- and PIP box-containing substrates, like Xic1, are recruited to chromatin through independent direct associations with PCNA.
Identification of lysine residues in the binding domain of ribonuclease A for the RNase inhibitor from human placenta.