Metabolic response of Platynota stultana pupae to controlled atmospheres and its relation to insect mortality response

We have shown in research work also presented in this meeting that insecticidal controlled atmospheres at high temperatures are very efficient in causing in vitro mortality of eggs and third instar larvas, and in vivo mortality of third instar larvas of Anastrepha ludens and A. obliqua. In this work we are reporting on their effect on the quality of mango fruit. Fruit of the cultivar `Manila' were exposed to 0% O2 + 50% CO2 at 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, and 49°C and 50% relative humidity for 160 min, after which they were stored at 10 °C for 20 days and evaluated at different intervals. Fruit exposed at 44°C or more had heat injury, while those exposed at 43°C or less did not show any injury and had similar or better quality than the control. On the basis of our previous results on insect mortality and on the resulted fruit quality reported here (heat injury, color, texture, weight loss), we conclude that 0% O2 + 50% CO2 at 43°C or less for 160 min can be used for the control of A. ludens and A. obliqua in mangoes.

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Effects of Ion Beam Milling on Surface Topography

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100070862 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 84-85

Author(s):

P.G. Pawar ◽

P. Duhamel ◽

G.W. Monk

Keyword(s):

Surface Topography ◽

Ion Beam ◽

Solid Material ◽

Beam Current ◽

Atomic Mass ◽

Micro Milling ◽

Ion Milling ◽

Controlled Atmospheres ◽

Milling Operations ◽

Sufficient Energy

A beam of ions of mass greater than a few atomic mass units and with sufficient energy can remove atoms from the surface of a solid material at a useful rate. A system used to achieve this purpose under controlled atmospheres is called an ion miliing machine. An ion milling apparatus presently available as IMMI-III with a IMMIAC was used in this investigation. Unless otherwise stated, all the micro milling operations were done with Ar+ at 6kv using a beam current of 100 μA for each of the two guns, with a specimen tilt of 15° from the horizontal plane.It is fairly well established that ion bombardment of the surface of homogeneous materials can produce surface topography which resembles geological erosional features.

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Microstructural Evolution in Reduced TiO2

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100097089 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 74-75

Author(s):

W. T. Donlon ◽

S. Shinozaki ◽

E. M. Logothetis ◽

W. Kaizer

Keyword(s):

Microstructural Evolution ◽

Point Defects ◽

Extended Defects ◽

Small Deviations ◽

Controlled Atmospheres ◽

Limited Solubility ◽

Thin Foils ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Porous Polycrystalline ◽

Crystallographic Shear

Since point defects have a limited solubility in the rutile (TiO2) lattice, small deviations from stoichiometry are known to produce crystallographic shear (CS) planes which accomodate local variations in composition. The material used in this study was porous polycrystalline TiO2 (60% dense), in the form of 3mm. diameter disks, 1mm thick. Samples were mechanically polished, ion-milled by conventional techniques, and initially examined with the use of a Siemens EM102. The electron transparent thin foils were then heat-treated under controlled atmospheres of CO/CO2 and H2 and reexamined in the same manner.The “as-received” material contained mostly TiO2 grains (∼5μm diameter) which had no extended defects. Several grains however, aid exhibit a structure similar to micro-twinned grains observed in reduced rutile. Lattice fringe images (Fig. 1) of these grains reveal that the adjoining layers are not simply twin related variants of a single TinO2n-1 compound. Rather these layers (100 - 250 Å wide) are alternately comprised of stoichiometric TiO2 (rutile) and reduced TiO2 in the form of Ti8O15, with the Ti8O15 layers on either side of the TiO2 being twin related.

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