This chapter describes the recent status, impact, and control of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide through the End TB strategy. It gives examples of how government and civil society programmes can work together, with the roles and tasks of each clearly defined. It gives examples of the many barriers to treatment. The chapter describes current methods of case finding and case holding, existing and new diagnostics, and the treatment of adults and children. It explains the categories for recording cases and of treatment outcomes. It outlines the community and clinic background to managing cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB, and of co-infection with HIV. It describes the ongoing value of the DOTS strategy (Directly Observed Treatment-short course) and the limited value of the current BCG vaccine. The chapter emphasizes ways to reduce infection such as strict control on tobacco and reducing household smoke.