Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels, Prostate-Specific Antigen Kinetics, and Prostate Cancer Prognosis: A Tocsin Calling for Prospective Studies

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the survival rate of patients with advanced prostate cancer in a univariate form, according to the preoperative and first postoperative determination of PSA levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From February 1987 to June 1995, 92 patients were submitted to maximum blockage androgen (subcapsular and antiandrogen orchiectomy), independent of clinical symptons shown upon admission to the Cancer Hospital. The antiandrogens (ciproterone acetate and flutamide) were administered until the patient present progression of the disease. RESULTS: The age of patients varied from 44 to 89, with a median of 70 years old. In the 6th, 36th and 60th months the global survival rate was 80%, 38% and 20%, respectively. The preoperative PSA ranged from 2 to 4017 ng/ml, with a median of 98 ng/ml (98% had PSA greater than or equal to 10 ng/ml). The first postoperative PSA ranged from 1 to 3840 ng/ml, with a median of 20 ng/ml. There was a tendency towards a better survival rate only in patients with initial PSA from 2 to 99 ng/ml (p=0.06745). The survival rate of patients at 36 months after the initial total blockage androgen, with first PSA level from 1 to 4, 5 to 49 and over 49 ng/ml was 72%, 48% and 8%, respectively (p=0.00004). In the final examination, 34 (37%) patients were considered stable and 58 (63%) had disease progression. CONCLUSION: The PSA determination performed on the 30th postoperative day is important in the evaluation of advanced prostate cancer prognosis.

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Pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) and 2-year PSA dynamics: Early predictors of prostate cancer prognosis with external radiation therapy

Urological Science ◽

10.1016/j.urols.2013.08.001 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 120-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Po-Ming Chow ◽

I-Ni Chiang ◽

Jason Chia-Hsien Cheng ◽

Bing-Juin Chiang ◽

Yeong-Shiau Pu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Radiation Therapy ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Cancer Prognosis ◽

External Radiation ◽

Early Predictors ◽

External Radiation Therapy ◽

Prostate Cancer Prognosis

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Prostate-Specific Antigen Kinetics under Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Prostate Cancer Prognosis

Urologia Internationalis ◽

10.1159/000345939 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 91 (1) ◽

pp. 38-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Li-min Zhang ◽

Hao-wen Jiang ◽

Shi-jun Tong ◽

Hui-qing Zhu ◽

Jun Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Androgen Deprivation Therapy ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Androgen Deprivation ◽

Cancer Prognosis ◽

Prostate Cancer Prognosis

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Prostate-Specific Antigen and Prostate Cancer Prognosis

JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute ◽

10.1093/jnci/djj455 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 98 (21) ◽

pp. 1509-1510 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Timothy R. Church

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Cancer Prognosis ◽

Prostate Cancer Prognosis

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Advances in Prognostic Methylation Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer

10.20944/preprints202010.0154.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dilys Lam ◽

Susan Clark ◽

Clare Stirzaker ◽

Ruth Pidsley

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Dna Methylation ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Cancer Prognosis ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Current State ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Indolent Disease ◽

Prostate Cancer Prognosis

There is a major clinical need for accurate biomarkers for prostate cancer prognosis, to better inform treatment strategies and disease monitoring. Current clinically recognised prognostic factors, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, lack sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing aggressive from indolent disease, particularly in patients with localised intermediate grade prostate cancer. There has therefore been a major focus on identifying molecular biomarkers that can add prognostic value to existing markers, including investigation of DNA methylation, which has a known role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of DNA methylation biomarker studies in prostate cancer prognosis, and highlight the advances that have been made in this field. We cover the numerous studies into well-established candidate genes, and explore the technological transition that has enabled hypothesis-free genome-wide studies and the subsequent discovery of novel prognostic genes.

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Novel Tools for Prostate Cancer Prognosis, Diagnosis, and Follow-Up

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/890697 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Andreas Dimakakos ◽

Athanasios Armakolas ◽

Michael Koutsilieris

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Early Detection ◽

Therapeutic Response ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Cancer Prognosis ◽

Paper Briefly ◽

Future Directions ◽

Prognosis And Prediction ◽

Prostate Cancer Prognosis

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the main diagnostic tool when it comes to prostate cancer but it possesses serious limitations. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more sensitive and specific biomarkers for prostate cancer prognosis and patient follow-up. Recent advances led to the discovery of many novel diagnostic/prognostic techniques and provided us with many worthwhile candidates. This paper briefly reviews the most promising biomarkers with respect to their implementation in screening, early detection, diagnostic confirmation, prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response or monitoring disease and recurrence; and their use as possible therapeutic targets. This review also examines the possible future directions in the field of prostate cancer marker research.

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Advances in Prognostic Methylation Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers12102993 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2993 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dilys Lam ◽

Susan Clark ◽

Clare Stirzaker ◽

Ruth Pidsley

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Dna Methylation ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Cancer Prognosis ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Current State ◽

Genome Wide ◽

Indolent Disease ◽

Prostate Cancer Prognosis

There is a major clinical need for accurate biomarkers for prostate cancer prognosis, to better inform treatment strategies and disease monitoring. Current clinically recognised prognostic factors, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, lack sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing aggressive from indolent disease, particularly in patients with localised intermediate grade prostate cancer. There has therefore been a major focus on identifying molecular biomarkers that can add prognostic value to existing markers, including investigation of DNA methylation, which has a known role in tumorigenesis. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of DNA methylation biomarker studies in prostate cancer prognosis, and highlight the advances that have been made in this field. We cover the numerous studies into well-established candidate genes, and explore the technological transition that has enabled hypothesis-free genome-wide studies and the subsequent discovery of novel prognostic genes.

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Genetic polymorphisms in the human tissue kallikrein (KLK) locus and their implication in various malignant and non-malignant diseases

Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1515/hsz-2012-0211 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 393 (12) ◽

pp. 1365-1390 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jyotsna Batra ◽

Tracy O’Mara ◽

Radhika Patnala ◽

Felicity Lose ◽

Judith A. Clements

Keyword(s):

Prostate Cancer ◽

Prostate Specific Antigen ◽

Serine Proteases ◽

Association Studies ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Genetic Association Studies ◽

Cancer Prognosis ◽

Genome Wide Association Studies ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽

Candidate Gene Association

Abstract The Kallikrein (KLK) gene locus encodes a family of serine proteases and is the largest contiguous cluster of protease-encoding genes attributed an evolutionary age of 330 million years. The KLK locus has been implicated as a high susceptibility risk loci in numerous cancer studies through the last decade. The KLK3 gene already has established clinical relevance as a biomarker in prostate cancer prognosis through its encoded protein, prostate-specific antigen. Data mined through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next-generation sequencing point to many important candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in KLK3 and other KLK genes. SNPs in the KLK locus have been found to be associated with several diseases including cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and atopic dermatitis. Moreover, introducing a model incorporating SNPs to improve the efficiency of prostate-specific antigen in detecting malignant states of prostate cancer has been recently suggested. Establishing the functional relevance of these newly-discovered SNPs, and their interactions with each other, through in silico investigations followed by experimental validation, can accelerate the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. In this review, we discuss the various genetic association studies on the KLK loci identified either through candidate gene association studies or at the GWAS and post-GWAS front to aid researchers in streamlining their search for the most significant, relevant and therapeutically promising candidate KLK gene and/or SNP for future investigations.

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