Anomalies of the inferior vena cava and renal veins: embryologic and surgical considerations

Urology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjiv Mathews ◽  
Patricia A Smith ◽  
Elliot K Fishman ◽  
Fray F Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Renal Veins

Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies of the Inferior Vena Cava: CT Assessment in Thai Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 1459-1464
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Left Renal Vein ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Renal Veins ◽  
Retrocaval Ureter ◽  
Radiology Reports ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Study Population

Objective: To determine the prevalence of inferior vena cava (IVC) anomalies in Thai patients who underwent contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen. Materials and Methods: Two radiologists retrospectively and independently reviewed the contrast-enhanced abdominal CT examinations in 1,429 Thai patients between August 1, 2018 and January 25, 2019 who met the inclusion criteria. Patients were included, if (a) their CT showed well visualized IVC, renal veins, and right ureter that were not obliterated by tumor, cyst, fluid collection, or intraperitoneal free fluid, (b) they had not undergone previous abdominal surgery that altered anatomical configuration of the IVC, renal veins, and right ureter. The presence of all IVC anomalies were recorded. Results: Among the 1,429 studied patients, 678 were male (47.4%) and 751 were female (52.6%). The prevalence of IVC anomalies was 3.5%. Five types of IVC anomalies were presented. The most common was circumaortic left renal vein in 24 patients or 48.0% of all IVC anomalies and 1.7% of the study population, followed by retroaortic left renal vein in 15 patients or 30.0 % of all IVC anomalies and 1.0% of the study population. Other IVC anomalies included double IVC, left IVC, and retrocaval ureter at 0.5%, 0.2%, and 0.1% of the study population, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of IVC anomalies in the present study differed from the previous studies conducted in other countries, which may be attributable to differences in race and ethnicity. Awareness of these anomalies is essential when evaluating routine CT examinations in asymptomatic patients. Their presence should be carefully noted in radiology reports to avoid anomaly-related complications. Keywords: Prevalence; IVC anomalies; Circumaortic left renal vein; Retroaortic left renal vein; Double IVC; Left IVC; Retrocaval ureter

Idiopathic spontaneous extensive iliocaval thrombosis presenting with renal infarct

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. e234957
Author(s):  
Naveen Kumar ◽  
Aneesh Srivastava ◽  
Navneet Mishra ◽  
Hira Lal
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Renal Infarction ◽  
Renal Veins ◽  
Renal Infarct

We describe an extremely rare case of idiopathic spontaneous extensive venous thrombosis in a young man involving the inferior vena cava, the iliac veins and both renal veins associated with right haemorrhagic renal infarction with non-functioning right kidney.

The Value of Preprocedure Computed Tomography for Planning Insertion of Inferior Vena Cava Filters

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Jaskolka ◽  
Rachel P.W. Kwok ◽  
Sara H. Gray ◽  
Hamid R. Mojibian
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
Ivc Filter ◽  
Renal Veins ◽  
Lumbar Vertebral Body ◽  
The Mean

Purpose To determine if valuable information could be obtained from abdominal computed tomography (CT) performed before insertion of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter. Materials and Methods A retrospective review was performed on IVC filter insertions with a CT performed before the procedure. Cavagram and CT were compared for renal vein and IVC anatomy, the diameter of the IVC, and the prevalence of iliocaval thrombus. Correlations were assessed among 3 reference standards for measuring the IVC at cavography. Results The mean IVC diameter was 23.0 mm on CT. On cavagram the mean IVC diameter was assessed by using 3 reference standards: 20.7 mm, with the catheter tip as a reference; 26.9 mm, with a radiopaque ruler; and 23.4 mm, by using a lumbar vertebral body. There was good correlation among the 3 measures of IVC diameter (Pearson's r = 0.75, P < .0001) but moderate correlation with CT (r = 0.36–0.56, P < .001). The sensitivity of cavagram for detecting retroaortic and circumaortic renal veins was 40% and 0%, respectively. Nineteen accessory renal veins (12.8%) were not seen by cavagram. Thirteen patients (8.8%) had iliocaval thrombus on cavagram, of which 12 (92.3%) were not previously detected by CT. Conclusions CT is more sensitive than cavagram for detection of renal vein variants and the level of the lowest renal vein. Therefore, if available, the CT should be reviewed before placement of an IVC filter to optimize positioning. Cavagram remains the criterion standard for detection of iliocaval thrombosis and is necessary before IVC filter insertion.

scholarly journals Nephrotic Syndrome Due to Thrombosis of the Inferior Vena Cava and Renal Veins

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (472) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Bayley ◽  
D. Heath ◽  
J. Hardwicke ◽  
A. G. W. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Nephrotic Syndrome ◽  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Renal Veins

scholarly journals VENOUS DRAINAGE OF KIDNEY;

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robina Shaheen ◽  
Muhammad Nasir Jamil ◽  
Aminullah
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Renal Vein ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Renal Veins ◽  
Drainage Pattern ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group D

Background: In the era of changing trends in favour of laparoscopic andminimally invasive surgery, a better understanding of renal veins is of paramount importance. Although various classifications of renal veins have been proposed,none is without shortcomings. We investigated the drainage pattern of renal veins in cadavers and aim to address the shortcomings in previous classifications by proposing a new classification of renal veins. Study Design: Observational cross-sectional study. Setting: Embalmed cadavers or autopsy cases in anatomy and forensic departments of various medical colleges of Lahore (Fatima Jinnah, King Edwards, Allama Iqbal). Period: One year from Feb2008 to Jan2009. Methods: The kidneys and inferior vena cava were well exposed incases with well-preserved renal vessels and kidneys. A mixture of gelatin and Indian ink were injected into inferior vena cava which in turn filled renal veins. Renal vein patterns were studied. We report frequencies in the proposed renal vein groups and subgroups. Results: A total of 50 pairs of kidneys were studied (50 right, 50 left). The renal veins were classified into five groups (A-E) depending on number and arrangement of primary tributaries that formed renal vein.All groups were further divided into three sub groups (1, 2 and 3) depending on whether or not an additional renal vein or any other variant pattern existed, except group E. Subgroup1 represented normal renal vein across all groups. Groups A, B, C consisted of renal veins formed by union of 2, 3, 4 primary tributaries respectively, all from anterior aspect. Group D consisted of renal veins where a posterior primary tributary existed. While group E included renal veins formed by any other number or pattern of primary tributaries. Group A was the most frequent type overall (40%), more common on the right side (56% vs 24%). Group B was the most frequentgroup on the left side (38%). The least frequent group was group E with equal frequency on both sides (6%), closely preceded by group D, which was more frequent on the left side (12% vs 2%). The only statistically significant difference in relation to major groups between right and left kidneys was in group A (56% vs 24% respectively; P=0.001). Conclusion: We proposed a comprehensive classification of renal veins taking into account their variant and anomalous patterns and tributaries not previously considered by other classifications.Future studies in diverse populations with bigger sample are warranted to investigate some of the patterns not observed in this study.

scholarly journals Variations of the Inferior Vena Cava and Renal Veins

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Penprapa Klinkhachorn ◽  
Samuel Umstot ◽  
Brianna Ritz ◽  
Matthew Zdilla
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Renal Veins

Immunoglobulin Light Chain Amyloidosis Presenting as Inferior Vena Cava Thrombosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 000313482110508
Author(s):  
Anna Axentiev ◽  
Marina Rozik ◽  
Eliza Slama ◽  
Viney Setya
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Vena Cava ◽  
Rare Disease ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Inferior Vena ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Al Amyloidosis ◽  
Fat Pad ◽  
Renal Veins ◽  
Immunoglobulin Light Chain

Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare disease characterized by the deposition of misfolded extracellular proteins within various body tissues resulting in dysfunction of the cardiac, renal, gastrointestinal, hematologic, and nervous systems, among others. Systemic AL amyloidosis often presents with a constellation of vague symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea, and abdominal pain. Untreated AL amyloidosis with cardiac involvement is rapidly fatal with a median survival of 6 months. In this report, we will highlight the case of a 43-year-old female who presented with generalized abdominal symptoms and fatigue. She was found to have extensive inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis extending into the renal veins bilaterally in the setting of nephrotic range proteinuria, new onset arrhythmia, diastolic heart failure, gastrointestinal, and autonomic dysfunction. She received systemic thrombolytic therapy for the IVC and renal vein thrombosis. The multiorgan involvement led us to consider the possibility of amyloidosis. Abdominal fat pad biopsy was performed as part of the diagnostic effort. The abdominal fat pad biopsy did not reveal AL amyloidosis. Ultimately, the diagnosis of systemic AL amyloidosis was made on the basis of pathology from luminal biopsies obtained during outpatient esophagogastroduodenoscopy that was performed days prior to her admission. Unique to our case is the patient presentation with extensive thrombotic disease of the IVC and renal veins. It is important to understand the disease process, presenting signs and symptoms as well as diagnostic essentials based on current literature in order to minimize the morbidity and mortality of this rare disease.

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