Food-induced arousal and nonassociative learning in honeybees: Dependence of sensitization on the application site and duration of food stimulation

1994 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hammer ◽  
Götz Braun ◽  
Juliane Mauelshagen
Keyword(s):  
Application Site ◽  
Food Stimulation

New Technological Approach for Glycyrrethic Acid Oral and Topical Administration

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 664-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia Pagano ◽  
Luana Perioli ◽  
Paola Calarco ◽  
Alessandro Di Michele ◽  
Maria C. Tiralti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Local Therapy ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Vaginal Mucosa ◽  
Anionic Clays ◽  
Dissolution Rate Enhancement ◽  
Technological Approach ◽  
Bioactive Component

Background: 18β- glycyrrhetinic acid (Gly) is the major bioactive component of licorice roots and rhizomes of the Glycyrrhiza glabra species. It shows many activities such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal, however, its use in the health field is very limited due to the low water solubility. Methods: This paper deals with the development of a new technological approach for Gly dissolution rate enhancement. It consists of Gly intercalation (guest) in the interlamellar spaces between the inorganic spaces (host) of the anionic clays “hydrotalcites” (HTlc) to obtain hybrids MgAl-HTlc-Gly and ZnAl-HTlc-Gly. Gly can find applications in both systemic and local therapies, thus advantages of the use of the hybrids in these two fields were investigated. Results: Gly dissolution rate from hybrids in the intestinal environment, site in which it is preferentially absorbed, resulted enhanced (ZnAl-HTlc-Gly > MgAl-HTlc-Gly) compared to the crystalline form, thereby, making them suitable for oral administration as dry powder in hard capsules. : For a local therapy, bioadhesive, vaginal emulgels loaded with the hybrids were developed. These showed suitable mucoadhesive property to the vaginal mucosa, necessary to prolong the residence time in the application site. The emulgel containing ZnAl-HTlc-Gly showed a faster and higher release profile than that containing MgAl- HTlc-Gly. Conclusions: The obtained results suggest that Gly intercalation into HTlc, especially in ZnAl-HTlc, allows to enhance Gly dissolution when the hybrids are formulated both as oral or topical products.

Residues and Persistence of Glyphosate in Irrigation Water

Weed Science ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Comes ◽  
V. F. Bruns ◽  
A. D. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Canal Water ◽  
Aminomethylphosphonic Acid ◽  
Dry Soil

Neither glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] nor the soil metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid were detected in the first flow of water through two canals following application of glyphosate at 5.6 kg/ha to ditchbanks when the canals were dry. Soil samples collected the day before canals were filled (about 23 weeks after treatment) contained about 0.35 ppm glyphosate and 0.78 ppm aminomethylphosphonic acid in the 0 to 10-cm layer. When glyphosate was metered into the water at a rate calculated to provide 150 ppb in the canal water at a single site on two flowing canals, about 70% of the glyphosate was accounted for 1.6 km downstream from the application site. Thereafter, the rate of disappearance diminished, and about 58% of the applied glyphosate was present at the end of the canals 8 or 14.4 km downstream from the introduction sites.

Clinical manifestations of VX poisoning following percutaneous exposure in the domestic white pig

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
R P Chilcott ◽  
C H Dalton ◽  
I Hill ◽  
C M Davidson ◽  
K L Blohm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Lateral Diffusion ◽  
Nerve Agents ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Skin Model ◽  
Exposed Skin ◽  
Percutaneous Exposure ◽  
Qualitative Relationship

Nerve agents are a class of organophosphorus chemicals that inhibit certain cholinesterase enzymes (ChE). If untreated, percutaneous exposure to nerve agents, such as VX (O-ethyl-S-[2(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate) can cause paralysis, apnoea and death. Much of the information concerning the percutaneous absorption and subsequent toxicity of nerve agents has been obtained using various rodent models. However, the most relevant ‘skin model’ is arguably the pig. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the clinical manifestations of VX intoxication in the domestic white pig following a 2 LD50 (120 mg/kg) percutaneous challenge. There was a consistent onset of signs (where present) in each animal: mastication was followed by miosis, salivation, fasciculations and apnoea. Whilst ChE activity did not correlate with the onset of signs, there was a qualitative relationship in that mastication preceded substantial ChE inhibition, miosis lagged behind the linear decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and fasciculations and apnoea occurred after maximum ChE inhibition had been attained (5 / 10% of normal). These observations may be of use for the triage of patients exposed to VX. In comparison with similar studies with GD, VX did not affect glucose utilization. However, VX was similar to GD in that it caused a mild hyperkalaemia and hyperphosphataemia, although the significance of this observation was not clear. There was substantial lateral diffusion of the initial droplet of VX over the application site, indicating that, when decontaminating exposed skin, attention should also be directed to areas peripheral to the original site of exposure.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Risk Assessment in Medium Scale for Rainfall-Induced Earthflows: Catakli Catchment Area (Cayeli, Rize, Turkey)

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Nefeslioglu ◽  
C. Gokceoglu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Concrete Type ◽  
Element At Risk ◽  
Temporal Occurrence ◽  
Terrain Units

The aim of the present study is to introduce a probabilistic approach to determine the components of the risk evaluation for rainfall-induced earthflows in medium scale. The Catakli catchment area (Cayeli, Rize, Turkey) was selected as the application site of this study. The investigations were performed in four different stages: (i) evaluation of the conditioning factors, (ii) calculation of the probability of spatial occurrence, (iii) calculation of the probability of the temporal occurrence, and (iv) evaluation of the consequent risk. For the purpose, some basic concepts such as “Risk Cube”, “Risk Plane”, and “Risk Vector” were defined. Additionally, in order to assign the vulnerability to the terrain units being studied in medium scale, a new more robust and more objective equation was proposed. As a result, considering the concrete type of roads in the catchment area, the economic risks were estimated as —in case the failures occur on the terrain units including element at risk, and —in case the risks arise from surrounding terrain units. The risk assessments performed in medium scale considering the technique proposed in the present study will supply substantial economic contributions to the mitigation planning studies in the region.

ROLE OF YONIPICHU IN STREE ROGA AND PRASUTITANTRA

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Rajendra Lambole Ekta
Keyword(s):  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Local Therapy ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Application Procedure

There are some Sthanik Chikitsa (Local Therapies) in Ayurvedic Stree Rogas described by Ancient Acharyas that possess outstanding and satisfactory outcomes in the management of Stree -Rogas. Some of these local therapies show amazing results in the management of Stree Rogas. ‘These extraordinary local therapies should be highlighted and of course used in the management of Stree Rogas for the fruitful outcomes. Sthanik Chikitsa preferably includes Yonidhawan (Douche of vagina), Yoni-Pichudharan (tampoon soaked in medicated oil or liquid is placed into the vagina), Uttar -Basti (Medicated oil or decoction is pushed into the uterine cavity through vagina), Yoni -Dhupan (Fumigation of vagina, with medicated smoke),Yoni-Varti (Insertion of medicated wick into the vagina), Yoni-Puran (vaginal packing),Yoni-Lepan (vaginal painting), Yoni-Parisheka, Pinda Chikitsa etc. In the present study  local therapies are revised through ancient samhitas and these therapies are reviewed with their meanings, indications, application procedure and application site of the local therapy. The procedure of  local therapy is discussed considering aseptic precautions. Through this study it is my hopeful and truthful effort to motivate most of the vaidyas towards Sthanik Chikitsa in the management of Stree Rogas. This study with its simple and appropriate terms will definitely help the Vaidyas to reach to the depth of the concept and will subsequently prove to be helpful to give admirable and satisfactory outcomes to Vaidyas.

Hyperpigmentation Induced by UVB at the Application Site of Estradiol

Dermatology ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Claudy ◽  
J.L. Perrot
Keyword(s):  
Application Site

The percutaneous absorption and skin distribution of lindane in man

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 645-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian P Dick ◽  
Peter G Blain ◽  
Faith M Williams
Keyword(s):  
Stratum Corneum ◽  
Percutaneous Absorption ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
White Spirit ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Exposure Site ◽  
Applied Dose

1 The absorption and distribution of lindane through skin was examined using human volunteers. Two different preparations were employed, one with acetone as the vehicle and the other, a commercial product, consisting primarily of white spirit as the solvent base. 2 The mean peak plasma concentrations of lindane following exposure to the acetone and white-spirit based applications were 0.91 and 0.47 ng/ml, respec tively. The similarity between these levels did not reflect the 40-fold higher dose of lindane in the acetone vehicle. White spirit enhanced the penetration of lindane with respect to the acetone vehicle, high lighting the influence of vehicle upon percutaneous absorption. Low levels of trichlorophenol glucuronide metabolites, but no lindane, were detected in the urine. 3 The exposure site was washed at 6 h to mimic a decontamination procedure at the end of a working day. The proportion of the applied dose unabsorbed by 6 h was 80% and 10% for the acetone and the white spirit-based formulation, respectively. Small areas of the exposed site were tape stripped at 6 and 24 h to assess any lindane that may be associated with the stratum corneum. High levels were observed in the stratum corneum at 6 h exposure (up to 30% of the applied dose for the white spirit based formulation). However, this level had decreased by 24 h (by at least 90% of the amount found at 6 h). A gauze or gauze/shirt combination covering the application site between 6 and 24 h did account for some of this loss of lindane from the stratum corneum attributed to friction and removal of exfoliated cells. The unaccounted propor tion was presumed to have been absorbed through the skin into the systemic circulation. This demonstrates the absorption of chemicals can occur from a depot in the stratum corneum even following a wash proce dure.

Evaluation of the Effects of Application Site Washing on Systemic Testosterone Exposure after Application of 1.62% Testosterone Gel in Hypogonadal Males.

2010 ◽  
pp. P2-446-P2-446
Author(s):  
Jodi Miller ◽  
Margaret Britto ◽  
Sherahe Fitzpatrick ◽  
Cecilia McWhirter ◽  
Samuel A Testino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Application Site ◽  
Testosterone Gel
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