Control of Feedback from Abnormal Stereotyped Behaviors

1986 ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Gershon Berkson ◽  
R.J. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Stereotyped Behaviors

The Dopamine Hypothesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder Revisited: Current Status and Future Prospects

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Denis Pavăl ◽  
Ioana Valentina Micluția
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Dopaminergic System ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Social Deficits ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Autistic Behavior ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviors ◽  
Dopamine Hypothesis

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social deficits and stereotyped behaviors. Despite intensive research, its etiopathogenesis remains largely unclear. Although studies consistently reported dopaminergic anomalies, a coherent dopaminergic model of ASD was lacking until recently. In 2017, we provided a theoretical framework for a “dopamine hypothesis of ASD” which proposed that autistic behavior arises from a dysfunctional midbrain dopaminergic system. Namely, we hypothesized that malfunction of 2 critical circuits originating in the midbrain, that is, the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways, generates the core behavioral features of ASD. Moreover, we provided key predictions of our model along with testing means. Since then, a notable number of studies referenced our work and numerous others provided support for our model. To account for these developments, we review all these recent data and discuss their implications. Furthermore, in the light of these new insights, we further refine and reconceptualize our model, debating on the possibility that various etiologies of ASD converge upon a dysfunctional midbrain dopaminergic system. In addition, we discuss future prospects, providing new means of testing our hypothesis, as well as its limitations. Along these lines, we aimed to provide a model which, if confirmed, could provide a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of ASD along with new therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Statistical structure of locomotion and its modulation by odors

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liangyu Tao ◽  
Siddhi Ozarkar ◽  
Jeff Beck ◽  
Vikas Bhandawat
Keyword(s):  
Markov Model ◽  
Hidden Markov Model ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
Stereotyped Behavior ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Statistical Structure ◽  
Hierarchical Hidden Markov Model ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviors

AbstractMost behaviors such as making tea are not stereotypical but have an obvious structure. However, analytical methods to objectively extract structure from non-stereotyped behaviors are immature. In this study, we analyze the locomotion of fruit flies and show that this non-stereotyped behavior is well-described by a Hierarchical Hidden Markov Model (HHMM). HHMM shows that a fly’s locomotion can be decomposed into a small number of locomotor features, and odors modulate locomotion by altering the time a fly spends performing different locomotor features. Importantly, although all flies in our dataset use the same set of locomotor features, individual flies vary considerably in how often they employ a given locomotor feature, and how this usage is modulated by odor. This variation is so large that the behavior of individual flies is best understood as being grouped into at least 3-5 distinct clusters, rather than variations around an average fly.

scholarly journals Influence of NO synthetase inhibitor on the cataleptic and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviors in mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 192
Author(s):  
Yoshinobu Yatomi ◽  
Nobufumi Ono ◽  
Yuko Ishii ◽  
Hidenori Noguchi ◽  
Shuuji Hara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synthetase Inhibitor ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviors

scholarly journals Turning the body into a clock: Accurate timing is facilitated by simple stereotyped interactions with the environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (23) ◽  
pp. 13084-13093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Safaie ◽  
Maria-Teresa Jurado-Parras ◽  
Stefania Sarno ◽  
Jordane Louis ◽  
Corane Karoutchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Interval ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Timing Accuracy ◽  
Comparable Level ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviors ◽  
Moving Direction ◽  
Freely Moving

How animals adapt their behavior according to regular time intervals between events is not well understood, especially when intervals last several seconds. One possibility is that animals use disembodied internal neuronal representations of time to decide when to initiate a given action at the end of an interval. However, animals rarely remain immobile during time intervals but tend to perform stereotyped behaviors, raising the possibility that motor routines improve timing accuracy. To test this possibility, we used a task in which rats, freely moving on a motorized treadmill, could obtain a reward if they approached it after a fixed interval. Most animals took advantage of the treadmill length and its moving direction to develop, by trial-and-error, the same motor routine whose execution resulted in the precise timing of their reward approaches. Noticeably, when proficient animals did not follow this routine, their temporal accuracy decreased. Then, naïve animals were trained in modified versions of the task designed to prevent the development of this routine. Compared to rats trained in the first protocol, these animals didn’t reach a comparable level of timing accuracy. Altogether, our results indicate that timing accuracy in rats is improved when the environment affords cues that animals can incorporate into motor routines.

scholarly journals Inhibitory interneurons mediate autism-associated behaviors via 4E-BP2

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (36) ◽  
pp. 18060-18067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane Wiebe ◽  
Anmol Nagpal ◽  
Vinh T. Truong ◽  
Jeehyun Park ◽  
Agnieszka Skalecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Translational Control ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Translational Repressor ◽  
Behavioral Abnormalities ◽  
Synaptic Functions ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviors ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
And Behavior

Translational control plays a key role in regulation of neuronal activity and behavior. Deletion of the translational repressor 4E-BP2 in mice alters excitatory and inhibitory synaptic functions, engendering autistic-like behaviors. The contribution of 4E-BP2-dependent translational control in excitatory and inhibitory neurons and astrocytic cells to these behaviors remains unknown. To investigate this, we generated cell-type-specific conditional 4E-BP2 knockout mice and tested them for the salient features of autism, including repetitive stereotyped behaviors (self-grooming and marble burying), sociability (3-chamber social and direct social interaction tests), and communication (ultrasonic vocalizations in pups). We found that deletion of 4E-BP2 in GABAergic inhibitory neurons, defined by Gad2, resulted in impairments in social interaction and vocal communication. In contrast, deletion of 4E-BP2 in forebrain glutamatergic excitatory neurons, defined by Camk2a, or in astrocytes, defined by Gfap, failed to cause autistic-like behavioral abnormalities. Taken together, we provide evidence for an inhibitory-cell-specific role of 4E-BP2 in engendering autism-related behaviors.

Sequential arousal and airway-defensive behavior of infants in asphyxial sleep environments

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna S. Lijowska ◽  
Nevada W. Reed ◽  
Barbara A. Mertins Chiodini ◽  
Bradley T. Thach
Keyword(s):  
Defensive Behavior ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Bedding Material ◽  
Limb Movements ◽  
Defensive Responses ◽  
Defensive Behaviors ◽  
Stereotyped Behaviors ◽  
Motor Activities ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Multiple Measurements

Lijowska, Anna S., Nevada W. Reed, Barbara A. Mertins Chiodini, and Bradley T. Thach. Sequential arousal and airway-defensive behavior of infants in asphyxial sleep environments. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 219–228, 1997.—Infants are prone to accidental asphyxiation. Therefore, we studied airway-defensive behaviors and their relationship to spontaneous arousal behavior in 41 healthy sleeping infants (2–26 wk old), using two protocols: 1) infant was rebreathing expired air, face covered by bedding material; and 2) infant was exposed to hypercarbia, face uncovered. Multiple measurements of respiratory and motor activities were recorded (video, polygraph). The infants’ response to increasing hypercarbia consisted of four highly stereotyped behaviors: sighs (augmented breaths), startles, thrashing limb movements, and full arousal (eyes open, cry). These behaviors occurred abruptly in self-limited clusters of activity and always in the same sequence: first a sigh coupled with a startle, then thrashing, then full arousal. Incomplete sequences (initial behaviors only) occurred far more frequently than the complete sequence and were variably effective in removing the bedding covering the airway. In both protocols, as inspired CO2increased, incomplete arousal sequences recurred periodically and with increasing frequency and complexity until the infant either succeeded in clearing his/her airway or was completely aroused. Spontaneous arousal sequences, identical to those occurring during hypercarbia, occurred periodically during sleep. This observation suggests that the infant’s airway-defensive responses to hypercarbia consist of an increase in the frequency and complexity of an endogenously regulated, periodically occurring sequence of arousal behaviors.

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