Spatial allocation and the shadow pricing of product characteristics

The paper is too long for conveying the message that shadow pricing used as a method of analysis in micro-economic issues of project selection is also useful for analysing macro-economic issues, such as foreign and domestic borrowing by the government, emigration, etc. Much of the methodological discussion in the paper is available in a readily accessible form in several publications of each of the coauthors; In contrast, the specific application of the methodology to Pakistani problems is much too cavalier. While it is hard to disagree with the authors' claim that shadow pricing "constitutes a relatively informal attempt to capture general equilibrium effects" (p. 89, emphasis added), their depiction of traditional analysis is a bit of a caricature: essentially it sets up a strawman to knock down. After all in the traditional partial equilibrium analysis, the caveat is always entered that the results are possibly sensitive to violation of the ceteris paribus assumptions of the analysis, though often the analysts will claim that extreme sensitivity is unlikely. Analogously, the shadow pricing method presumes "stationarity" of shadow prices in the sense that they are “independent of policy changes under review" (p. 90). The essential point to be noted is that the validity of this assertion or of the "not too extreme sensitivity" assertion of partial equilibrium analysts can be tested only with a full scale general equilibrium model! At any rate this reviewer would not pose the issue as one of traditional partial equilibrium macro-analysis versus shadow pricing as an approximate general equilibrium analysis, but would prefer a description of project analysis as an approach in which a macro-general equilibrium model of a manageable size (implicit or explicit) is used to derive a set of key shadow prices which are then used in a detailed micro-analysis of projects.

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Space systems. Programme management. Management of product characteristics

10.3403/30304050 ◽

2017 ◽

Keyword(s):

Space Systems ◽

Product Characteristics

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Influence of Product Characteristics on Credit Accessibility of Sacco’s in Kenya

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3389181 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

John Karanja, PhD

Keyword(s):

Product Characteristics

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Dry-aged beef manufactured in Japan: Microbiota identification and their effects on product characteristics

Food Research International ◽

10.1016/j.foodres.2020.110020 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 110020

Author(s):

Nana Mikami ◽

Takahito Toyotome ◽

Yoshitaka Yamashiro ◽

Koyuki Sugo ◽

Kotone Yoshitomi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Product Characteristics

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Bottom-Up Emission Inventory and Its Spatio-Temporal Distribution from Paved Road Dust Based on Field Investigation: A Case Study of Harbin, Northeast China

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12040449 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 449

Author(s):

Lili Li ◽

Kun Wang ◽

Zhijian Sun ◽

Weiye Wang ◽

Qingliang Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Air Quality ◽

Emission Inventory ◽

Road Dust ◽

Field Investigation ◽

Pollutant Emissions ◽

County Level ◽

Bottom Up ◽

Spatial Allocation ◽

Paved Road

Road dust is one of the primary sources of particulate matter which has implications for air quality, climate and health. With the aim of characterizing the emissions, in this study, a bottom-up approach of county level emission inventory from paved road dust based on field investigation was developed. An inventory of high-resolution paved road dust (PRD) emissions by monthly and spatial allocation at 1 km × 1 km resolution in Harbin in 2016 was compiled using accessible county level, seasonal data and local parameters based on field investigation to increase temporal-spatial resolution. The results demonstrated the total PRD emissions of TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 in Harbin were 270,207 t, 54,597 t, 14,059 t, respectively. The temporal variation trends of pollutant emissions from PRD was consistent with the characteristics of precipitation, with lower emissions in winter and summer, and higher emissions in spring and autumn. The spatial allocation of emissions has a strong association with Harbin’s road network, mainly concentrating in the central urban area compared to the surrounding counties. Through scenario analysis, positive control measures were essential and effective for PRD pollution. The inventory developed in this study reflected the level of fugitive dust on paved road in Harbin, and it could reduce particulate matter pollution with the development of mitigation strategies and could comply with air quality modelling requirements, especially in the frigid region of northeastern China.

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Automatic Extraction of Adverse Drug Reactions from Summary of Product Characteristics

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11062663 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 2663

Author(s):

Zhengru Shen ◽

Marco Spruit

Keyword(s):

Natural Language Processing ◽

Natural Language ◽

Adverse Drug Reactions ◽

Language Processing ◽

European Medicines Agency ◽

Drug Reactions ◽

Clinical Practices ◽

Product Characteristics ◽

Textual Information ◽

Summary Of Product Characteristics

The summary of product characteristics from the European Medicines Agency is a reference document on medicines in the EU. It contains textual information for clinical experts on how to safely use medicines, including adverse drug reactions. Using natural language processing (NLP) techniques to automatically extract adverse drug reactions from such unstructured textual information helps clinical experts to effectively and efficiently use them in daily practices. Such techniques have been developed for Structured Product Labels from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but there is no research focusing on extracting from the Summary of Product Characteristics. In this work, we built a natural language processing pipeline that automatically scrapes the summary of product characteristics online and then extracts adverse drug reactions from them. Besides, we have made the method and its output publicly available so that it can be reused and further evaluated in clinical practices. In total, we extracted 32,797 common adverse drug reactions for 647 common medicines scraped from the Electronic Medicines Compendium. A manual review of 37 commonly used medicines has indicated a good performance, with a recall and precision of 0.99 and 0.934, respectively.

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Influence of Characteristics of the Internet of Things on Consumer Purchase Intention

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.2014.42.2.321 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 321-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

YaPing Chang ◽

XueBing Dong ◽

Wei Sun

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Product Design ◽

Purchase Intention ◽

Emotional Experience ◽

The Internet ◽

Product Characteristics ◽

Consumer Purchase Intention ◽

Functional Experience ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Internet Of Things

We studied the mechanism of the influence of the Internet of Things (IOT) product characteristics on consumer purchase intention. The results of a survey of 360 consumers showed that 6 dimensions of IOT product characteristics influence purchase intention; namely connectivity, interactivity, telepresence, intelligence, convenience, and security. We found that customer experience was the key mediating variable in the relationship between IOT product characteristics and purchase intention. Connectivity, interactivity, telepresence, intelligence, convenience, and security all positively influenced purchase intention via functional experience. Furthermore, connectivity, telepresence, convenience, and security positively influenced purchase intention via emotional experience. Our findings in the study provide some points of reference for improvement of IOT product design.

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