Retrospective genetic analysis of SAT-1 type foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in West Africa (1975–1981)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. It is known to be endemic in Zambia, with periodic outbreaks occurring in different geographical areas of the country. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of FMD virus (FMDV) in reported FMD-suspected cases in cattle from the Kazungula and Mbala districts of Zambia. Sixty epithelial tissues or oesophageal-pharyngeal (OP) scrapings (probang samples) were collected from Mbala (n = 51) and Kazungula (n = 9) and examined for FMDV. The FMDV viral RNA and serotypes were examined by realtime reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and antigen Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Twenty-two samples (36.7%) were positive for the FMDV genome by qRT-PCR with Cycle threshold (Ct) values ranging from 13 to 31. The FMDV-positive samples from epithelial tissues showed relatively higher Ct values compared to those obtained from OP scrapings, irrespective of geographical location. Forty percent (40%; n = 4) of epithelial tissues from Mbala were serotyped into SAT 2 serotype by antigen ELISA. Kazungula samples were serotyped into SAT 1. These findings indicated that Mbala and Kazungula districts had FMD outbreaks in 2012 that were ascribed to at least FMDV serotype SAT 2 and SAT 1 field strains. Furthermore, regular interaction between buffalos from the Mosi-o Tunya Park and domestic animals from surrounding areas could contribute to the occurrence of regular FMD outbreaks in Kazungula, whilst the uncontrolled animal movements across borders between Mbala and Nsumbawanga could be responsible for disease outbreaks in Mbala. In-depth molecular biological studies, including sequencing and phylogeny of the viruses, should be conducted to elucidate the complex epidemiology of FMD in Zambia, thereby providing valuable information needed for the rational control strategy of FMD in Zambia and neighbouring countries.

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Summary of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks reported in and around the Kruger National Park, South Africa, between 1970 and 2009

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v81i4.148 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 81 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. Dyason

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

National Park ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Kruger National Park ◽

Target Area ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Sat 1

Information with regard to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks that occurred in the Kruger National Park (KNP) and adjacent areas of South Africa between 1970 and 2009 was collected from reports and files of various government departments and collated into one report. The collected data were summarised in a table and assessed for patterns. Fifty-one FMD outbreaks occurred during this period in the target area, of which 16 were SAT 1, 31 were SAT 2, 4 were SAT 3 and 3 were not serotyped. No pattern could be discerned although SAT 1 outbreaks occurred more frequently in the summer months while more SAT 2 outbreaks occurred in winter.

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Farm Community Impacts of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Cattle and Buffaloes in Karnataka State, India

Transboundary and Emerging Diseases ◽

10.1111/tbed.12450 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 849-860 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. Govindaraj ◽

B. Ganeshkumar ◽

K. R. Nethrayini ◽

R. Shalini ◽

V. Balamurugan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Karnataka State ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Community Impacts ◽

Farm Community

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Estimation of the Basic Reproduction Number of Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Outbreaks

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal ◽

10.1097/inf.0b013e3182116e95 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 30 (8) ◽

pp. 675-679 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Edmond Ma ◽

Connie Fung ◽

Steven H. L. Yip ◽

Christine Wong ◽

Shuk Kwan Chuang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Basic Reproduction Number ◽

Reproduction Number ◽

Enterovirus 71 ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Coxsackievirus A16 ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

The Basic Reproduction Number

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Fear and Loathing in Britain: A Framing Analysis of News Coverage during the Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreaks in the United States

Journal of Applied Communications ◽

10.4148/1051-0834.1171 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Karen J. Cannon ◽

Tracy A. Irani

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

News Coverage ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

The United States ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Framing Analysis ◽

Foot And Mouth

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Clinical and histopathological studies on neurodegeneration and dysautonomia in buffalo calves during foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Egypt

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2021.1622-1630 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1622-1630

Author(s):

Yasmin Bayoumi ◽

Nader Sobhy ◽

Abdelkarem Morsi ◽

Wafaa El-Neshwey ◽

Nora El-Seddawy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous Tissue ◽

Neuronal Degeneration ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Buffalo Calves ◽

Serotype O ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Malignant Group

Background and Aim: Signs of dysautonomia were frequently observed in calves that died during foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) outbreaks in Egypt from 2015 to 2018. This study aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological features of the central nervous system in malignant cases of FMD and excluding possible concurrent bacterial, and bovine herpes virus 4 (BHV4) infections or both. Materials and Methods: In this study, 335 FMDV-infected buffalo calves aged 1-22 months were clinically examined and followed until recovery or death. Of the 335 calves, 134 died (malignant group) and 201 recovered after exhibiting classic symptoms of FMD (recover group). The calves were subjected to clinical examination. For the malignant group, several laboratory trials were conducted to assess the possible cause/s of dysautonomia-related viral, bacterial, or concurrent infections. Koch's postulates and polymerase chain reaction were employed. Postmortem and histopathological examinations of nervous tissue were performed. Results: In the malignant group, signs of dysautonomia were observed before death, including partial or complete gut dysfunction, loss of anal sphincter tone, rapid breathing sounds, fluctuating body temperature, and cardiac arrhythmias. In the malignant group, histopathological examination of the spinal cord, pons, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and cerebrum revealed demyelination, neuronal degeneration, and focal areas of malacia and gliosis. The nervous tissue and heart samples from malignant cases were positive for serotype O FMDV. Conclusion: Findings revealed in this study support the existence of neurodegeneration induced by FMDV infection in buffalo calves.

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