An integrated experimental-theoretical approach to the metallurgical characterization of the interfaces in steel plates clad by hot rolling is proposed. Three different couplings of materials have been studied: ASTM A 515 Gr.60 low carbon steel clad with austenitic stainless steel AISI 304L; extra low carbon steel ASTM A283 clad with high Ni content Alloy 59; and, low carbon steel AISI 1010 clad with Cu-Ni Monel 400. Experimental investigations, which are addressed to analyse the microstructural changes near the interfaces and identify the present phases, have been carried out through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, microanalytical measurements by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Vickers microhardness tests. In all of the cases examined, the zones that are affected by detrimental microstructural changes results in being considerably less thick than the overall cladding layer. Simulations that are based on theoretical diffusion modelling have been integrated to the experimental characterization by introducing a cladding parameter that acts on the diffusion bonding efficiency, in order to evaluate the effects of process temperature and time variations on diffusion bonding efficiency and stability. In particular, this analytical investigation has shown how the shorter is the duration of the diffusion transient and the higher the temperature, the lower results the sensitivity of the diffusion processes to temperature fluctuations.
Microstructural Changes in Low-carbon Steel Occurring by Heating in Mixtures of Iron, Graphite and Alumina Powders