Can Early Onset Schizophrenia be Prevented by Early Recognition and Treatment?

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
F. Resch ◽  
P. Parzer ◽  
R. Oelkers-Ax ◽  
R. Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Prodromal Phase ◽  
Basic Symptoms ◽  
Delayed Initiation ◽  
Adult Psychiatry ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Psychotic Features

In adult psychiatry early recognition and treatment of schizophrenia has become a major goal because of manifold evidence of a relation between delayed initiation of treatment and an unfavourable developmental course. The duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) seems to be significantly prolonged in adolescents compared to adults due to both a protracted sub-threshold development of psychotic features and the failure of families and health professionals to take seriously the initial signs of psychosis that mimic quasi normal adolescent emotional perturbations. Although in adults studies have shown a subset of prodromal signs and attenuated psychotic features to have predictive evidence for the development of schizophrenia, these symptoms however seem of limited specificity in adolescence. Basic symptoms represent subjective experiences of the prodromal phase and will be presented in a sample of schizophrenic adolescents in comparison to non-psychotic patients and normal controls. Results reveal that basic symptoms do not show any specificity for schizophrenia, but schizophrenics present with higher amounts of basic symptoms in the prodromal phase compared to non-psychotic controls. For early recognition a combination of psychopathological and biological markers seems fruitful. First data on perceptual closure and event related potentials of the optic system will be presented that seem to differentiate between early and late onset schizophrenia.

scholarly journals Psychophysiology and Imaging of Visual Cortical Functions in the Blind: A Review

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie L. Simon-Dack ◽  
P. Dennis Rodriguez ◽  
Wolfgang A. Teder-Sälejärvi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Visual Cortical

Imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and psychophysiological recordings of the congenitally blind have confirmed functional activation of the visual cortex but have not extensively explained the functional significance of these activation patterns in detail. This review systematically examines research on the role of the visual cortex in processing spatial and non-visual information, highlighting research on individuals with early and late onset blindness. Here, we concentrate on the methods utilized in studying visual cortical activation in early blind participants, including positron emissions tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and electrophysiological data, specifically event-related potentials (ERPs). This paper summarizes and discusses findings of these studies. We hypothesize how mechanisms of cortical plasticity are expressed in congenitally in comparison to adventitiously blind and short-term visually deprived sighted participants and discuss potential approaches for further investigation of these mechanisms in future research.

scholarly journals The processing of intimately familiar and unfamiliar voices: Specific neural responses of speaker recognition and identification

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250214
Author(s):  
Julien Plante-Hébert ◽  
Victor J. Boucher ◽  
Boutheina Jemel
Keyword(s):  
Speaker Recognition ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Speaker Identification ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Voice Recognition ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Post Onset

Research has repeatedly shown that familiar and unfamiliar voices elicit different neural responses. But it has also been suggested that different neural correlates associate with the feeling of having heard a voice and knowing who the voice represents. The terminology used to designate these varying responses remains vague, creating a degree of confusion in the literature. Additionally, terms serving to designate tasks of voice discrimination, voice recognition, and speaker identification are often inconsistent creating further ambiguities. The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to clarify the difference between responses to 1) unknown voices, 2) trained-to-familiar voices as speech stimuli are repeatedly presented, and 3) intimately familiar voices. In an experiment, 13 participants listened to repeated utterances recorded from 12 speakers. Only one of the 12 voices was intimately familiar to a participant, whereas the remaining 11 voices were unfamiliar. The frequency of presentation of these 11 unfamiliar voices varied with only one being frequently presented (the trained-to-familiar voice). ERP analyses revealed different responses for intimately familiar and unfamiliar voices in two distinct time windows (P2 between 200–250 ms and a late positive component, LPC, between 450–850 ms post-onset) with late responses occurring only for intimately familiar voices. The LPC present sustained shifts, and short-time ERP components appear to reflect an early recognition stage. The trained voice equally elicited distinct responses, compared to rarely heard voices, but these occurred in a third time window (N250 between 300–350 ms post-onset). Overall, the timing of responses suggests that the processing of intimately familiar voices operates in two distinct steps of voice recognition, marked by a P2 on right centro-frontal sites, and speaker identification marked by an LPC component. The recognition of frequently heard voices entails an independent recognition process marked by a differential N250. Based on the present results and previous observations, it is proposed that there is a need to distinguish between processes of voice “recognition” and “identification”. The present study also specifies test conditions serving to reveal this distinction in neural responses, one of which bears on the length of speech stimuli given the late responses associated with voice identification.

Auditory Spatial Tuning in Late-onset Blindness in Humans

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Fieger ◽  
Brigitte Röder ◽  
Wolfgang Teder-Sälejärvi ◽  
Steven A. Hillyard ◽  
Helen J. Neville
Keyword(s):  
Late Onset ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Spatial Gradient ◽  
Acoustic Environment ◽  
Tuning Curves ◽  
Spatial Tuning ◽  
Congenitally Blind ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Blind Individuals

Blind individuals who lost their sight as older children or adults were compared with normally sighted controls in their ability to focus auditory spatial attention and to localize sounds in a noisy acoustic environment. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants attended to sounds presented in free field from either central or peripheral arrays of speakers with the task of detecting infrequent targets at the attended location. When attending to the central array of speakers, the two groups detected targets equally well, and their spatial tuning curves for both ERPs and target detections were highly similar. By contrast, late blind participants were significantly more accurate than sighted participants at localizing sounds in the periphery. For both groups, the early N1 amplitude to peripheral standard stimuli displayed no significant spatial tuning. In contrast, the amplitude of the later P3 elicited by targets/deviants displayed a more sharply tuned spatial gradient during peripheral attention in the late blind than in the sighted group. These findings were compared with those of a previous study of congenitally blind individuals in the same task [Röder, B., Teder-Sälejärvi, W., Sterr, A., Rösler, F., Hillyard, S. A., & Neville, H. J. Improved auditory spatial tuning in blind humans. Nature, 400, 162–166, 1999]. It was concluded that both late blind and congenitally blind individuals demonstrate an enhanced capability for focusing auditory attention in the periphery, but they do so via different mechanisms: whereas congenitally blind persons demonstrate a more sharply tuned early attentional filtering, manifested in the N1, late blind individuals show superiority in a later stage of target discrimination and recognition, indexed by the P3.

scholarly journals Event-Related Potential Correlates of the Retrieval of Emotional and Nonemotional Context

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 760-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam P. R. Smith ◽  
Raymond J. Dolan ◽  
Michael D. Rugg
Keyword(s):  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Recognition Memory Test ◽  
Visual Objects ◽  
Related Potentials

In two experiments, we examined event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited in an old/new recognition memory test by emotionally neutral visual objects that, at encoding, had been associated with neutrally, negatively, or positively valenced background contexts. In Experiment 2, subjects also judged the context in which the item had been studied. In Experiment 1, “left parietal” old/new ERP effects were elicited by correctly recognized items. Items encoded in emotional contexts, but not those studied in neutral contexts, elicited additional effects early in the recording epoch over lateral temporal scalp and, later, over left temporo-frontal scalp. In Experiment 2, “left parietal” and “right frontal” ERP effects were elicited by recognized items that attracted correct source judgments. Additional effects, an early lateral temporal positivity and a late-onset, left-sided positivity, were elicited by items studied in emotionally valenced contexts and attracting correct source judgments. Together, the findings indicate that retrieval processing is influenced by the emotional valence of the context in which an item is encoded, regardless of whether contextual information is task relevant.

Abnormal Stroop-related event related potentials in patients with late onset depression in remission period

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S189-S190
Author(s):  
M. Pišljar ◽  
Z. Pirtošek
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Related Event ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Computer Version ◽  
Speed Of Information Processing ◽  
Related Potentials

IntroductionDepression in late life follows a relapsing course and it has been related to impaired cognitive control. Information processing speed, memory and executive abilities are most frequently impaired.ObjectivesCognitive changes are difficult to confirm during depressive episode, as signs of both disorders largely overlap. Therefore, it makes more sense to assess cognition after a remission has been reached. Electrophysiology may be particularly convenient as a tool in such studies, as it can separate central cognitive processing from the motor processing.AimsThe study of cognition was focused on executive function and speed of information processing. It was measured with Stroop-related event related potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) in a modified computer version of the Stroop test which is highly sensitive to frontal functions.MethodsThirty-four patients with late-onset depression were included after they had reached remission. They were compared to twenty-four age-, gender- and education-matched healthy controls. Each participant completed a single item computer version of the Stroop task using verbal response mode. EEG and RT were simultaneously recorded.ResultsRevealed abnormal late positive Stroop-related potentials in the period of about 500–600 ms period corresponding to the latency of the so-called P300b wave.ConclusionStudy supports the view that patients with late onset depression are also cognitively impaired and that this impairment persists in the period of early remission. Using more sensitive ERP measurement of the Stroop task, we demonstrated impaired information processing at an earlier, pre-response related stage.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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