Ambiguous Roles: The Racial Factor in American Womanhood

1. A total of 499 rural and 437 urban Bantu school children were examined for their diphtheria carrier rate and Schick immunity.2. Clinical diphtheria amongst the rural and urban Bantu was also investigated.3. The virulent C.diphtheriaecarrier rate was found to be 3·2% in the rural children and 1·8% in the urban with virulent/avirulent ratios of 1: 1·1 and 1: 2·5 respectively.4. The Schick-positive rate in children aged 6–17 years was found to be 8·0% in rural children and 13·7 % in urban.5. Clinical diphtheria was rarely encountered under rural conditions, but was more common in urban natives.6. The case mortality rate in eighty-nine clinical cases was 14·4%.7. 53% of the clinical cases occurred in the 0-5 years age group.8. 89% of the strains recovered belonged to themitistype. No intermediate strains were encountered.9. The reason for the infrequency of clinical diphtheria amongst the Bantu is discussed and various theories are reviewed.10. It is concluded that the infrequency of clinical diphtheria is partly due to the environment, but that there is also a racial factor. It is suggested that the racial factor lies in an ability to produce antitoxin quickly. There is not sufficient evidence in this investigation to show whether the racial factor is genetic, but in view of Turbott's work amongst the Maoris it is suggested that the racial factor in immunity to diphtheria may be genetic amongst the Bantu also.I have pleasure in acknowledging the continued interest of Dr E. H. Cluver, Director, and Dr G. Buchanan, Deputy-Director, of the South African Institute for Medical Research in the progress of this work. I also wish to acknowledge gratefully the help given me by Dr Prestwick, Dr Miller and Dr Xuma at Alexandra Township. I am indebted to the Administration, and in particular to Dr J. W. Stirling, Principal Medical Officer of Bechuanaland Protectorate Government, for permission to carry out the investigation at Kanye. To Dr Marcus of the Seventh Day Adventist Mission, Kanye, I am deeply indebted for help and hospitality, and to Chief Bathoën who assisted me in making contact with the requisite number of school children at Kanye. My thanks are also due to the Mother Superior and Sisters of the Holy Cross Mission, Alexandra Township, and the many Bantu school teachers who gave me access to the children in their charge. Mr Barnes (S.A.I.M.R.) very kindly carried out the statistical tests of Tables 1 and 2. The travelling expenses involved in this work were defrayed by a grant from the National Research Board.

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The Racial Factor in Metabolism

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.11.6.342 ◽

1925 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 342-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. MacLeod ◽

E. E. Crofts ◽

F. G. Benedict

Keyword(s):

Racial Factor

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THE RACIAL FACTOR IN THE PIGEON CROP-SAC METHOD OF BIOASSAY OF PROLACTIN

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1939.125.4.722 ◽

1939 ◽

Vol 125 (4) ◽

pp. 722-729 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Robert W. Bates ◽

Oscar Riddle ◽

Ernest L. Lahr

Keyword(s):

Racial Factor

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Agreement and Precision Analyses of Various Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Formulae in Cancer Patients

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-55833-0 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Wiwat Chancharoenthana ◽

Salin Wattanatorn ◽

Somratai Vadcharavivad ◽

Somchai Eiam-Ong ◽

Asada Leelahavanichkul

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽

Glomerular Filtration ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Filtration Rate ◽

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽

Estimated Gfr ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Precision And Accuracy ◽

Racial Factor

AbstractThe accuracy of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in cancer patients is very important for dose adjustments of anti-malignancy drugs to reduce toxicities and enhance therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, the performance of eGFR equations, including their bias, precision, and accuracy, was explored in patients with varying stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) who needed anti-cancer drugs. The reference glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was assessed by the 99mTc-diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) plasma clearance method in 320 patients and compared with the GFRs estimated by i) the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation, ii) the unadjusted for body surface area (BSA) CKD-EPI equation, iii) the re-expressed Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation with the Thai racial factor, iv) the Thai eGFR equation, developed in CKD patients, v) the 2012 CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C, vi) the Cockcroft-Gault formula, and vii) the Janowitz and Williams equations for cancer patients. The mean reference GFR was 60.5 ± 33.4 mL/min/1.73 m2. The bias (mean error) values for the estimated GFR from the CKD-EPI equation, BSA-unadjusted CKD-EPI equation, re-expressed MDRD study equation with the Thai racial factor, and Thai eGFR, 2012 CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin-C, Cockcroft-Gault, and Janowitz and Williams equations were −2.68, 1.06, −7.70, −8.73, 13.37, 1.43, and 2.03 mL/min, respectively, the precision (standard deviation of bias) values were 6.89, 6.07, 14.02, 11.54, 20.85, 10.58, and 8.74 mL/min, respectively, and the accuracy (root-mean square error) values were 7.38, 6.15, 15.97, 14.16, 24.74, 10.66, and 8.96 mL/min, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated GFR from the BSA-unadjusted CKD-EPI equation demonstrated the least bias along with the highest precision and accuracy. Further studies on the outcomes of anti-cancer drug dose adjustments using this equation versus the current standard equation will be valuable.

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