scholarly journals Diphtheria amongst the Bantu

1943 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Murray
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Medical Officer ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Carrier Rate ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Positive Rate ◽  
Racial Factor ◽  
Clinical Cases

1. A total of 499 rural and 437 urban Bantu school children were examined for their diphtheria carrier rate and Schick immunity.2. Clinical diphtheria amongst the rural and urban Bantu was also investigated.3. The virulent C.diphtheriaecarrier rate was found to be 3·2% in the rural children and 1·8% in the urban with virulent/avirulent ratios of 1: 1·1 and 1: 2·5 respectively.4. The Schick-positive rate in children aged 6–17 years was found to be 8·0% in rural children and 13·7 % in urban.5. Clinical diphtheria was rarely encountered under rural conditions, but was more common in urban natives.6. The case mortality rate in eighty-nine clinical cases was 14·4%.7. 53% of the clinical cases occurred in the 0-5 years age group.8. 89% of the strains recovered belonged to themitistype. No intermediate strains were encountered.9. The reason for the infrequency of clinical diphtheria amongst the Bantu is discussed and various theories are reviewed.10. It is concluded that the infrequency of clinical diphtheria is partly due to the environment, but that there is also a racial factor. It is suggested that the racial factor lies in an ability to produce antitoxin quickly. There is not sufficient evidence in this investigation to show whether the racial factor is genetic, but in view of Turbott's work amongst the Maoris it is suggested that the racial factor in immunity to diphtheria may be genetic amongst the Bantu also.I have pleasure in acknowledging the continued interest of Dr E. H. Cluver, Director, and Dr G. Buchanan, Deputy-Director, of the South African Institute for Medical Research in the progress of this work. I also wish to acknowledge gratefully the help given me by Dr Prestwick, Dr Miller and Dr Xuma at Alexandra Township. I am indebted to the Administration, and in particular to Dr J. W. Stirling, Principal Medical Officer of Bechuanaland Protectorate Government, for permission to carry out the investigation at Kanye. To Dr Marcus of the Seventh Day Adventist Mission, Kanye, I am deeply indebted for help and hospitality, and to Chief Bathoën who assisted me in making contact with the requisite number of school children at Kanye. My thanks are also due to the Mother Superior and Sisters of the Holy Cross Mission, Alexandra Township, and the many Bantu school teachers who gave me access to the children in their charge. Mr Barnes (S.A.I.M.R.) very kindly carried out the statistical tests of Tables 1 and 2. The travelling expenses involved in this work were defrayed by a grant from the National Research Board.

scholarly journals Oral hygiene status and its association with oral hygiene practices among school going children of rural and urban areas in Kamrup district, Assam

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 2245
Author(s):  
Sulekha Doley ◽  
Manvi Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Bonferroni Test

Background: Oral hygiene, a state in which the surfaces of all the teeth are plaque free, is highly important in the promotion of oral health and also for good health in general. The aim of the present study was to assess the oral hygiene status among 13-14 years old school children in rural and urban areas in Kamrup Metropolitian (M) district, Assam.Methods: A total 1501 school children in the age group of 13-14 years were included in the study and oral hygiene status was assessed using oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) given by Greene and Vermilion 1964. The children were asked to fill in the basic information in the proforma by themselves. The following statistical tests were used unpaired t test, Chi square test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, post-hoc Bonferroni test to compare the oral hygiene status among the different age groups, gender and location.Results: The OHI-S values were found to be more among the males (2.72±1.50) as compared to the females (2.31±1.48) and the difference was highly significant (0.0001). The rural population and urban population constituted 50% of the total study sample each. Mean values of OHI-S index were more among rural children as compared to children residing in urban areas. The mean values showed that the p value was highly significant.Conclusions: Oral hygiene status was found to be poorer among rural school children compared to urban school children. Oral hygiene worsened as age advanced and found to be poorer in males than females. 

PREVALENCE OF REFRACTIVE ERRORS IN RURAL AND URBAN SCHOOL CHILDREN – A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY.

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-557
Author(s):  
Dr.R.Priyadarsini M.D ◽  
◽  
Dr.K.Kanchana M.D ◽  
Dr.P.Shanmugapriya M.D ◽  
Dr.Malaiarasi M.D.
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Urban School ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban

scholarly journals PROGRAM HOLISTIK PEMBANGUNAN PEMBERDAYAAN DESA (PHP2D) OPTIMALISASI BALAI BANJAR SEBAGAI RUMAH BELAJAR PADA MASA COVID 19 DI DESA CEPAKA TABANAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Ni Luh Putu Agustini Karta ◽  
I Ketut Sutapa ◽  
Rani Kusumo Wardani ◽  
Erna Wiles
Keyword(s):  
School Children ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
World Community ◽  
Hard Skills ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Students As Teachers

The Covid 19 pandemic has weakened the economy of the world community. The resulting impact is felt by all levels of rural and urban society; among parents, adults and children. Amid the economic downturn, people must survive. Various alternative efforts were made so that people could still eat and receive education. Especially school children who are very risky if their education is stopped for a relatively long time. This condition motivates the HIMA Accounting and Management of Triatma Mulya University to implement the PHP2D program through the optimization of the Banjar Hall as a Learning Center in the Covid 19 Pandemic Era in Cepaka Village, Tabanan, Bali. used as an arena for monthly meetings. Through this PHP2D program, the Banjar Hall is now equipped with internet facilities, work desks and bookshelves for libraries. Every day at 15-18 wita the children in each banjar; come to study with the help of students and lecturers. The availability of free internet and the presence of 5 students as teachers / mentors in each banjar make a positive contribution to the community and children in Cepaka village. After four months of this activity, a very harmonious relationship was formed between students and school children ranging from elementary and junior high schools. School children, totaling nearly 150 children, are trained in their learning, academic, soft skills and hard skills in order to grow into a superior generation. This activity received a warm welcome from the community, even the Head of Kediri Sub-district was very grateful and made Cepaka Village the first project pilot village to provide a learning house with free wi-fi. It is hoped that in the next period other villages can also be developed, students help children in learning so that they can achieve their goals.

Comparative Study Of Food Allergy In Rural And Urban Chinese School Children

2009 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. S32-S32 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.W. Wong ◽  
Y. Ma ◽  
Y. Chan ◽  
J. Fang ◽  
Y. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Allergy ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
School Children ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Chinese School

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and their Association with Nutritional Status of Rural and Urban Pre-School Children in Benue State, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
Kpurkpur Tyoalumun, MSc ◽  
Sani Sani Abubakar, MSc ◽  
Nongu Christopher, MLT
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
School Children ◽  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Intestinal Parasitic Infections ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Z Scores

Background and Objectives: Intestinal parasitic infections are highly prevalent in developing countries, contributing to high incidence of malnutrition and morbidity. This study aimed to fi nd the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and their association with nutritional status of children in Benue State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted from January-June 2016, among 418 school children under-5 years of age. Anthropometric data, height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age Z-scores from each child and fecal samples were collected and screened for intestinal parasites using standard laboratory methods. Results: Among the intestinal parasitic infections detected, the prevalence of E. histolytica was higher (51.0% and 29.0%) than all other parasites encountered in rural and urban pupils (P<0.05). Other parasites were Hookworm (46.2% and 24.8%); G. lamblia (11.5% and 8.6%); and T. trichiura (2.4% and 5.2%). The prevalence of stunting (HAZ<-2), in rural and urban pupils were 43.8% and 32.9%; 64.4% and 39.0% rural and urban pupils were underweight (WAZ<-2), while 30.3% and 24.3% were wasted (WHZ<-2). Infected children had signifi cantly (P<0.05) higher z-scores than the uninfected children. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Benue State is among the Nigerian states with the highest burden of tropical diseases with a current plan of elimination implemented through mass drug administration. This study identify/evaluate some essential information that will support the planning and implementation of the State’s ongoing efforts.   Copyright © 2016 Tyoalumun et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0.

Exercise-induced bronchospasm in Ilesa, Nigeria: A Comparative study of rural and urban school children

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
BP Kuti ◽  
KO Omole ◽  
DK Kuti ◽  
BI Oso ◽  
LO Mohammed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urban School ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Exercise Induced

scholarly journals Prevalence of sustained hypertension and obesity among urban and rural adolescents: a school-based, cross-sectional study in North India

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e027134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishav Mohan ◽  
Amit Verma ◽  
Kavita Singh ◽  
Kalpana Singh ◽  
Sarit Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urban School ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Rural Adolescents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
School Based ◽  
Sustained Hypertension ◽  
Rural And Urban

ObjectiveRecent data on sustained hypertension and obesity among school-going children and adolescents in India are limited. This study evaluates the prevalence of sustained hypertension and obesity and their risk factors among urban and rural adolescents in northern India.SettingA school-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in the urban and rural areas of Ludhiana, Punjab, India using standardised measurement tools.ParticipantsA total of 1959 participants aged 11–17 years (urban: 849; rural: 1110) were included in this school-based survey.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTo measure sustained hypertension among school children, two distinct blood pressure (BP) measurements were recorded at an interval of 1 week. High BP was defined and classified into three groups as recommended by international guidelines: (1) normal BP: <90th percentile compared with age, sex and height percentile in each age group; (2) prehypertension: BP=90th–95th percentile; and (3) hypertension: BP >95th percentile. The Indian Academy of Pediatrics classification was used to define underweight, normal, overweight and obesity as per the body mass index (BMI) for specific age groups.ResultsThe prevalence of sustained hypertension among rural and urban areas was 5.7% and 8.4%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity in rural and urban school children was 2.7% and 11.0%, respectively. The adjusted multiple regression model found that urban area (relative risk ratio (RRR): 1.7, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.93), hypertension (RRR: 7.4, 95% CI 4.21 to 13.16) and high socioeconomic status (RRR: 38.6, 95% CI 16.54 to 90.22) were significantly associated with an increased risk of obesity. However, self-reported regular physical activity had a protective effect on the risk of obesity among adolescents (RRR: 0.4, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.62). Adolescents who were overweight (RRR: 2.66, 95% CI 1.49 to 4.40) or obese (RRR: 7.21, 95% CI 4.09 to 12.70) and reported added salt intake in their diet (RRR: 4.90, 95% CI 2.83 to 8.48) were at higher risk of hypertension.ConclusionHigh prevalence of sustained hypertension and obesity was found among urban school children and adolescents in a northern state in India. Hypertension among adolescents was positively associated with overweight and obesity (high BMI). Prevention and early detection of childhood obesity and high BP should be strengthened to prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases in adults.

scholarly journals Toxoplasma antibody and stool parasites in public school children, Rolândia, Paraná, Brazil

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilson Giraldi ◽  
Odilon Vidotto ◽  
Italmar Teodorico Navarro ◽  
João Luis Garcia ◽  
Liza Ogawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Public School ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
School Children ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ocular Toxoplasmosis ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Amsler Grid

The occurrence of toxoplasmosis and enteroparasitosis was studied in 434 children from elementary schools in the rural and urban areas of Rolândia, Paraná State, Brazil. Sera and fecal samples from all the students were submitted to IFA for Toxoplasma gondii and coproparasitological tests, respectively. The children were tested by Amsler grid and 72 of them were examined for the presence of lesions compatible with ocular toxoplasmosis. Some variables were tested but none showed increased risk for toxoplasmosis. The distribution according to sex and age and also same other variables are presented and discussed. Correlations between Amsler's grid test, toxoplama RIFI, occurrence of eyes lesions and enteroparasitosis are also considered.

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