scholarly journals WHY ARE MARRIED WOMEN WORKING SO MUCH?

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry E. Jones ◽  
Rodolfo E. Manuelli ◽  
Ellen R. McGrattan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Nonmarket Goods ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Technological Improvements

Abstract:We study the large observed changes in labor supply by married women in the United States over the post-World War II period, a period that saw little change in the labor supply by single women. We investigate the effects of changes in the gender wage gap, the quantitative impact of technological improvements in the production of nonmarket goods, and the potential inferiority of nonmarket goods in explaining the dramatic change in labor supply. We find that small decreases in the gender wage gap can simultaneously explain the significant increases in the average hours worked by married women and the relative constancy in the hours worked by single women and by single and married men. We also find that the impact of technological improvements in the household on married female hours and on the relative wage of females to males is too small for realistic values. Some specifications of the inferiority of home goods match the hours patterns, but they have counterfactual predictions for wages and expenditure patterns.

Forecasting the Effects of a Negative Income Tax Program

ILR Review ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry R. Johnson ◽  
John H. Pencavel
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Negative Income ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Supply Functions ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Negative Income Tax

This paper outlines a scheme that forecasts the change in net earnings or in hours worked that results from the introduction of a negative income tax (NIT) program. The authors illustrate this scheme by estimating labor supply functions for married men, married women, and single women who participated in the Seattle-Denver Income Maintenance Experiments. These functions are then used to simulate the effects of several NIT programs. The findings suggest that changes in the wage rate of an individual covered by an NIT program result in important changes in the hours of work of the individual's spouse.

Lowering Standards to Wed? Spouse Quality, Marriage, and Labor Market Responses to the Gender Wage Gap

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na'ama Shenhav
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Supply ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Market Responses ◽  
Wage Ratio ◽  
Hours Of Work ◽  
Demand Shifts ◽  
Wage Increases

This paper examines the effect of the female-to-male wage ratio, “relative wage,” on women's spouse quality, marriage, and labor supply over three decades. Exploiting task-based demand shifts as a shock to relative pay, I find that a higher relative wage (i) increases the quality of women's mates, as measured by higher spousal education, (ii) reduces marriage without substitution to cohabitation, and (iii) raises women's hours of work. These effects are consistent with a model in which a higher relative wage increases the minimum non-pecuniary benefits (“quality”) women require from a spouse and therefore reduce marriage among low-quality husbands.

scholarly journals The Return to Hours Worked Within and Across Occupations: Implications for the Gender Wage Gap

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Denning ◽  
Brian Jacob ◽  
Lars Lefgren ◽  
Christian vom Lehn
Keyword(s):  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Hours Worked

scholarly journals Gender Gap in Labor Supply, Leisure, Consumption, and Home Production and National Policy in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Xiangdan Piao ◽  
Akiko Nasuda
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Income Gap

This study investigates single individuals’ different choices over time in terms of use (labor supply, home production time input, leisure) and consumption (market consumption goods, home production goods) and provides evidence to explain the differences. To this effect, we use the structural model of the Almost Ideal Demand System with a Cobb-Douglas home production function. The results are summarized as follows. Regarding labor supply, both women and men have the same working willingness in the labor market when women are paid as much as men. Overall, although the regional gender income gap appears different between major metropolitan areas and non-major metropolitan areas, our results indicate that the income gap would disappear by diminishing the wage gap. However, for home production, the gender gap persists when women apply the same conditions as men, although the gap is small. Policy implied that reducing the gender wage gap is an important tool to encourage single women to work as men in the workplace regardless of the area.

The Effect of Taxation on the Hours Worked by Married Women

ILR Review ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane H. Leuthold
Keyword(s):  
Married Women ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
The Hours

The Effect of Taxation on the Hours Worked by Married Women

ILR Review ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane H. Leuthold
Keyword(s):  
Married Women ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
The Hours

scholarly journals The Return to Hours Worked within and Across Occupations: Implications for the Gender Wage Gap

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Denning ◽  
Brian A. Jacob ◽  
Lars John Lefgren ◽  
Christian vom Lehn
Keyword(s):  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Hours Worked

Explaining Equalization

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-395
Author(s):  
Lars Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Wage Structure ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Wage Policy ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Female Relative

This article describes and explains the movement of female relative wages in Sweden from 1920 to 1995. During this period the aggregate gender wage gap shrunk from 41 to 15%. The bulk of the change took place in two periods: 1920 to 1940 and 1960 to 1980. With regard to determining factors, the analysis distinguishes between the period before 1960, when the rise in the female relative wage was the result of employment shifts, and after 1960, when wage structure change was the prime determinant. In the interwar period, women moved from low-paid to better-paid jobs, notably in trade and commerce and public services, as legal and administrative reforms opened up the public sector to women and educational reforms raised the educational level of the female labor force. The most rapid change in the gender wage gap occurred at a time when the solidaristic wage policy doctrine was embraced by the blue-collar trade unions and formed the basis of claims in wage negotiations. This study suggests, however, that excess demand for female labor rather than egalitarian ambitions of strong trade unions was the decisive factor behind the rapid reduction of the gender gap. Likewise, supply and demand shifts may well explain why the female relative wage stagnated from the late 1970s. These observations add up to the somewhat unorthodox conclusion that institutions were of primary importance for female relative wage development in the interwar period, while market forces played the leading role after 1960.

Guaranteed Nonlabor Income and Labor Supply: The Effect of the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Feinberg ◽  
Daniel Kuehn
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Income Elasticity ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Community Survey ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Work Effort ◽  
Lump Sum ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Recent Policy

Abstract One peculiar source of nonlabor income that has not been extensively studied for its effect on labor supply is the Alaska Permanent Fund (APF) dividend. This is somewhat surprising given the recent policy focus on Guaranteed Basic Income programs. An annual lump-sum payment, the Permanent Fund Dividend (PFD) is available to almost all Alaska residents, is clearly exogenous with respect to work effort, and – while relatively predictable – varies over time and across households (since it increases linearly with family size). This paper estimates the nonlabor income elasticity of labor supply using exogenous variation from the Alaskan PFD and data from the American Community Survey (ACS). The analysis finds that men have elasticities between −0.15 and −0.10, depending on the specification. Single women have elasticities between −0.14 and −0.09, while married women have somewhat larger elasticities between −0.18 and −0.11.

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