scholarly journals Gender Gap in Labor Supply, Leisure, Consumption, and Home Production and National Policy in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
Xiangdan Piao ◽  
Akiko Nasuda
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Demand System ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Income Gap

This study investigates single individuals’ different choices over time in terms of use (labor supply, home production time input, leisure) and consumption (market consumption goods, home production goods) and provides evidence to explain the differences. To this effect, we use the structural model of the Almost Ideal Demand System with a Cobb-Douglas home production function. The results are summarized as follows. Regarding labor supply, both women and men have the same working willingness in the labor market when women are paid as much as men. Overall, although the regional gender income gap appears different between major metropolitan areas and non-major metropolitan areas, our results indicate that the income gap would disappear by diminishing the wage gap. However, for home production, the gender gap persists when women apply the same conditions as men, although the gap is small. Policy implied that reducing the gender wage gap is an important tool to encourage single women to work as men in the workplace regardless of the area.

scholarly journals Retirement Income Gap: A Larger Economic Gender Gap?

Elements ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Retirement Income ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Retirement Security ◽  
Depth Analysis

Although the gender wage gap has been a major topic of discussion in public policy reforms, there appears to be a larger economic impact that has not been addressed: the expansive retirement income gap. Just as the gender wage gap poses a threat to a female worker’s overall income, the resulting retirement gap further exacerbates the disparity in earnings. In this paper, I present the economic case of the effects of the gender wage gap and wealth gap in the United States on retirement income, before proceeding to examine the opposing viewpoints for conciliation. In organizing this topic, I have three main objectives: First, to present an in-depth analysis on the broader social and economic costs of the wage gap, including how it affects retirement income. Second, to analyze the retirement income gap, including reasons behind the current gender disparities in retirement security and strategies for intervention. Third, to present a recommendation for policy reform in order to mitigate future retirement income inequalities.

scholarly journals WHY ARE MARRIED WOMEN WORKING SO MUCH?

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry E. Jones ◽  
Rodolfo E. Manuelli ◽  
Ellen R. McGrattan
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Relative Wage ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Nonmarket Goods ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Technological Improvements

Abstract:We study the large observed changes in labor supply by married women in the United States over the post-World War II period, a period that saw little change in the labor supply by single women. We investigate the effects of changes in the gender wage gap, the quantitative impact of technological improvements in the production of nonmarket goods, and the potential inferiority of nonmarket goods in explaining the dramatic change in labor supply. We find that small decreases in the gender wage gap can simultaneously explain the significant increases in the average hours worked by married women and the relative constancy in the hours worked by single women and by single and married men. We also find that the impact of technological improvements in the household on married female hours and on the relative wage of females to males is too small for realistic values. Some specifications of the inferiority of home goods match the hours patterns, but they have counterfactual predictions for wages and expenditure patterns.

scholarly journals The Gender Wage Gap among Ph.D. Holders: Evidence from Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Alfano ◽  
Lorenzo Cicatiello ◽  
Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta ◽  
Mauro Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Educational Qualification ◽  
Employment Conditions ◽  
Quantile Decomposition ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract This paper contributes to the literature on the gender wage gap by empirically analyzing those workers who hold the highest possible educational qualification, i.e., a Ph.D. The analysis relies on recent Italian cross-sectional data collected through a survey on the employment conditions of Ph.D. holders. The Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analysis and quantile decomposition analysis are carried out, and the selection of Ph.D. holders into employment and STEM/non-STEM fields of specialization is taken into account. Findings suggest that a gender gap in hourly wages exists among Ph.D. holders, with sizeable differences by sector of employment and field of specialization.

Daily Labor Supply and Adaptive Reference Points

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (8) ◽  
pp. 2417-2443
Author(s):  
Neil Thakral ◽  
Linh T. Tô
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Reference Dependence ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Dynamic View ◽  
Expected Earnings ◽  
Dependence Models

This paper provides field evidence on how reference points adjust, a degree of freedom in reference-dependence models. Examining this in the context of cabdrivers’ daily labor-supply behavior, we ask how the within-day timing of earnings affects decisions. Drivers work less in response to higher accumulated income, with a strong effect for recent earnings that gradually diminishes for earlier earnings. We estimate a structural model in which drivers work toward a reference point that adjusts to deviations from expected earnings with a lag. This dynamic view of reference dependence reconciles conflicting “neoclassical” and “behavioral” interpretations of evidence on daily labor-supply decisions. (JEL J22, J31, L94)

The Evolution of the Role of Women in Labor Markets in Developed Economies

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Elisabeth T. Pereira ◽  
Stefano Salaris
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Role Of Women ◽  
And Gender

The role of women in labor markets has been characterized by great changes in the last century, with gender inequalities decreasing in most developed countries. The stereotypes related to women in labor markets have been hard to break within social norms and cultures. Many efforts have been made in recent decades by governments and national and international institutions to decrease and promote women's empowerment and gender equality in labor markets. This chapter has as its main purposes to provide an overview of the evolution of the role of women in labor markets in developed countries and to investigate this evolution based on a set of variables: gender participation rates, education, employment, the gender gap in management, wages and the gender wage gap, and public policies and laws. However, despite the positive evolution of the participation rate of women in labor markets that has been observed in recent decades, gender inequalities still persist.

scholarly journals The Effects of Pension Information on Individuals’ Economic Outcomes: A Survey

Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Stefania Basiglio ◽  
Noemi Oggero
Keyword(s):  
Labor Supply ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Retirement Planning ◽  
Economic Outcomes ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

This paper provides an overview of a wide array of research investigating the effects of pension information on different individuals’ economic outcomes. While many studies show that information provision increases knowledge, the evidence is mixed regarding its effects on behavior. Nevertheless, we draw some conclusions about the impact of pension information on three major economic outcomes, namely, retirement planning, choices pertaining individuals’ labor supply, and savings decisions. We also highlight that the lack of knowledge prevalently hits the most vulnerable individuals in the society, such as women. As a consequence, not providing sufficient information could contribute to widening the gender gap in pensions.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Job Search: Trading off COMMUTE AGAINST WAGE*

2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Le Barbanchon ◽  
Roland Rathelot ◽  
Alexandra Roulet
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Job Attributes ◽  
Joint Distributions ◽  
Application Data ◽  
Newly Hired

ABSTRACT We relate gender differences in willingness to commute to the gender wage gap. Using French administrative data on job search criteria, we first document that unemployed women have a lower reservation wage and a shorter maximum acceptable commute than their male counterparts. We identify indifference curves between wage and commute using the joint distributions of reservation job attributes and accepted job bundles. Indifference curves are steeper for women, who value commute around 20% more than men. Controlling in particular for the previous job, newly hired women are paid after unemployment 4% less per hour and have a 12% shorter commute than men. Through the lens of a job search model where commuting matters, we estimate that gender differences in commute valuation can account for a 0.5 log point hourly wage deficit for women, that is, 14% of the residualized gender wage gap. Finally, we use job application data to test the robustness of our results and to show that female workers do not receive less demand from far-away employers, confirming that most of the gender gap in commute is supply-side driven.

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