The Netherlands v. Stichting Urgenda

478Environment — Treaties — Interpretation — Climate change — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Annex I — Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change — Greenhouse gases — Emissions reduction targets — Whether Netherlands obliged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenario — Treaty interpretationHuman rights — Treaties — Interpretation — Application — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 2 — Right to life — Article 8 — Right to private and family life — Climate change — Greenhouse gases — Emissions reduction targets — Whether Netherlands having positive obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions — Principle of effective interpretation of treaties — Right to effective protectionState responsibility — Partial responsibility — Climate change — Human rights — Global problem — Treaties — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Paris Agreement, 2015 — Whether Netherlands partially responsible for reducing global greenhouse gas emissions — Individual responsibilityRelationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Decisions of Conference of the Parties — Whether having effect in interpretation and application of domestic law — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Right to life — Right to private and family life — The law of the Netherlands