scholarly journals Revealing the past through modelling? Reflections on connectivity, habitation and persistence in the Dutch Delta during the 1st millennium AD

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowin J. van Lanen
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Spatial Modelling ◽  
Cultural Dynamics ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Archaeological Models

Abstract This paper focuses on unravelling the 1st millennium AD in the present-day Netherlands and the applicability of modelling when studying the past. By presenting the results of several studies analysing changes (or persistence) in connectivity and habitation patterns, the significance of these findings for (spatial) modelling is derived. The transition between the Roman and early-medieval periods is particularly interesting in this respect as it is characterised by severe pan-European political, socio-economic and demographic changes. Additionally, recent studies in geosciences increasingly point to marked climatic and landscape changes, such as river avulsions and floods, occurring at the same time. The extent to which these environmental and cultural dynamics were entwined and mutually influential is generally unknown, especially on larger-scale levels. Lowlands, such as the Netherlands, are especially suited to study these complex interactions since boundary conditions, i.e. the set of conditions required for maintaining the existing equilibrium in a region, in such areas are particularly sensitive to change. In this paper the combined results of several recently developed landscape-archaeological models are presented. These models spatially analyse natural and cultural dynamics in five manifestations: route networks, long-distance transport, settlement patterns, palaeodemographics and land-use systems. Combined, these manifestations provide information on connectivity, persistence and habitation, key concepts for the cultural landscape as a whole. Results show that only by integrating these modelling outcomes is it possible to reconstruct boundary conditions and high-resolution spatio-temporal frameworks for cultural-landscape change. Equally, these models invite reflection on their applicability and, as such, point to the need for new theoretical framing and the development of more multi-proxy, evidence-based and transdisciplinary research approaches in archaeology. The evident interrelationship between cultural and natural-landscape dynamics necessitates a more integrated and transparent research attitude, covering multiple scales and studying the cultural landscape as a whole. Only then can models reflect historical reality as closely as possible.

scholarly journals Distinguishing technology from biology: a critical review of the use of GPS telemetry data in ecology

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1550) ◽  
pp. 2303-2312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Hebblewhite ◽  
Daniel T. Haydon
Keyword(s):  
Animal Ecology ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Gps Telemetry ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Location Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Migratory Songbirds ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Gps Devices

In the past decade, ecologists have witnessed vast improvements in our ability to collect animal movement data through animal-borne technology, such as through GPS or ARGOS systems. However, more data does not necessarily yield greater knowledge in understanding animal ecology and conservation. In this paper, we provide a review of the major benefits, problems and potential misuses of GPS/Argos technology to animal ecology and conservation. Benefits are obvious, and include the ability to collect fine-scale spatio-temporal location data on many previously impossible to study animals, such as ocean-going fish, migratory songbirds and long-distance migratory mammals. These benefits come with significant problems, however, imposed by frequent collar failures and high cost, which often results in weaker study design, reduced sample sizes and poorer statistical inference. In addition, we see the divorcing of biologists from a field-based understanding of animal ecology to be a growing problem. Despite these difficulties, GPS devices have provided significant benefits, particularly in the conservation and ecology of wide-ranging species. We conclude by offering suggestions for ecologists on which kinds of ecological questions would currently benefit the most from GPS/Argos technology, and where the technology has been potentially misused. Significant conceptual challenges remain, however, including the links between movement and behaviour, and movement and population dynamics.

Modern and Holocene Pollen Assemblages from Some Small Arctic Lakes on Somerset Island, NWT, Canada

1995 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konrad Gajewski
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Arctic Lakes ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Pollen ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Pollen Types ◽  
Pollen Concentrations ◽  
Somerset Island

AbstractModern pollen samples from 15 lakes along a north-south transect on western Somerset Island, NWT, Canada, show a decrease in pollen concentrations from the high arctic to the mid-arctic zone, but there are few differences in the pollen percentages between these sites. Long-distance transport accounts for up to 50% of the pollen in these lake sediments. Cores from two lakes show few changes in the percentages of important pollen types, except for an initial period, before 6000 yr B.P., of increased Salix. The pollen concentration of lake RS36 from the mid-arctic is twice that of lake RS29 from the high arctic, and at both sites the concentrations decreased during the past 6000 yr B.P. This suggests a climatic deterioration during the past 6000 yr which has caused a decrease in the abundance of plants on the landscape.

scholarly journals Rainwater chemistry observation in a karst city: variations, influence factors, sources and potential environmental effects

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11167
Author(s):  
Jie Zeng ◽  
Guilin Han
Keyword(s):  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Rainwater Chemistry ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Anthropogenic Inputs ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
High Level

The rainwater chemistry and related air contaminants are used to investigate the rainwater ions sources, variations, and influence factors from 2012 to 2014 in Guiyang city (the typical karst urban area of Southwest China). According to temporal rainwater ion concentrations, the obvious variations were presented in the study period, such as Ca2+ (125∼6,652 μeq L−1) and SO42− (11∼4,127 μeq L−1). Consequently, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42− and Cl− are considered as the leading ions. Three critical influencing factors of rainwater ions concentrations, including sources variations, rainfall amount and long-distance migration (rainfall amount > 100 mm) are identified. Based on the typical ionic ratios, source identification suggested that anthropogenic inputs mainly contributed to F−, NO3− and SO42−, while the dusts (crustal sources) are the primary sources of Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+. Cl− Enrichment in long-distance transport is the main contributor of Cl−. According to the observation of high level of total wet acid deposition, the more detailed spatio-temporal monitoring of rainfall-related acid deposition (particularly sulfur deposition) is required to understand its potential environmental effects in the aquatic ecosystem of the earth surface.

The Fine Structure of Phloem Cells

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 632-635
Author(s):  
James Cronshaw
Keyword(s):  
Structural Studies ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
P Protein ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Distance Transport

Long distance transport in plants takes place in phloem tissue which has characteristic cells, the sieve elements. At maturity these cells have sieve areas in their end walls with specialized perforations. They are associated with companion cells, parenchyma cells, and in some species, with transfer cells. The protoplast of the functioning sieve element contains a high concentration of sugar, and consequently a high hydrostatic pressure, which makes it extremely difficult to fix mature sieve elements for electron microscopical observation without the formation of surge artifacts. Despite many structural studies which have attempted to prevent surge artifacts, several features of mature sieve elements, such as the distribution of P-protein and the nature of the contents of the sieve area pores, remain controversial.

Spatio-temporal Variation Characteristics of Surface Net Radiation in China over the Past 50 Years

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangzi GAO ◽  
Honglin HE ◽  
Li ZHANG ◽  
Qianqian LU ◽  
Guirui YU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Variation Characteristics ◽  
Spatio Temporal
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