Effect of piperonyl butoxide on diazinon resistance in field strains of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), in New Zealand

1999 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Wilson ◽  
A.G. Clark ◽  
N.A. Haack
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Biphasic Response ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidases ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Independent Effects

AbstractPretreatment of first instar larvae of 28 resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) with the inhibitor of microsomal oxidases, piperonyl butoxide, resulted in a biphasic response to the phosphorothioate insecticide diazinon. Analysis of the data revealed a complex response in which both synergist-dependent and independent effects occurred. The responses varied markedly from strain to strain. A laboratory susceptible strain and field strains with resistance factors of less than 20-fold exhibited, in the presence of piperonyl butoxide, an increased LC50 with respect to diazinon whereas those strains with > 20-fold resistance were synergized by the compound. We conclude tentatively that microsomal mixed-function oxidases play a contributory role in the development of resistance and that the variation in synergist effect from strain to strain may be attributed, at least in part, to the two-fold effect of these enzymes on phosphorothioate insecticides such as diazinon.

A method for the detection and measurement of insecticide resistance in larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (Dipt., Calliphoridae)

1973 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Roxburgh ◽  
G. J. Shanahan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Resistant Strains

AbstractIn this method the toxicant is absorbed with blood serum onto a loose roll of chromatography paper; first-instar larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) are inserted into the air spaces of the roll and allowed to feed. Mortality of the larvae is assessed 24 h later. Typical results using diazinon, dichlofenthian and chlorfenvinphos against susceptible and resistant strains of L. cuprina showed larvae to have resistance factors 6–8 times higher than those for adults determined by established techniques.

Cross resistance spectra and effects of synergists in insecticide-resistant strains of Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Kotze ◽  
N. Sales
Keyword(s):  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Deltamethrin Resistance ◽  
Detoxification Systems ◽  
Australian Sheep ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Level Resistance

AbstractCross-resistance spectra were determined in strains of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), which had been pressured for several years in the laboratory with diflubenzuron, butacarb or deltamethrin. Each strain was highly resistant to its selecting chemical (resistance factors > 1000-fold), however, cross-resistance levels were variable and often low. In particular, strains selected with diflubenzuron and butacarb showed very little resistance to deltamethrin (resistance factors <7-fold). Each strain showed resistance levels to diazinon only slightly higher than the highest levels currently detected in field strain larvae. Piperonyl butoxide and triphenyl phosphate significantly synergized each pressured strain with its selecting chemical, suggesting the involvement of both monooxygenases and esterases in the observed resistances. Synergism ratios in each case were greater with piperonyl butoxide. The lack of any alteration in in vitro acetylcholinesterase sensitivity to butacarb inhibition in the butacarb-selected strain, and only low level resistance to DDT in the deltamethrin-selected strain, provided no evidence for target-site insensitivities in these strains. The low-moderate levels of cross-resistance therefore imply the existence of qualitative differences in the detoxification systems in each strain.

Organophosphorus resistance in the sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae): a genetic study incorporating synergists

1982 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Organophosphorus Compounds ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Esterase Inhibitor

AbstractPre-treatment of females of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) with the synergist piperonyl butoxide increased the resistance factors of an organophosphorus-resistant strain Q to four organophosphates in comparison to the susceptible strain LS. However, pre-treatment with S,S,S-tributylphosphorothrithioate (TBPT) reduced the resistance factors of Q to three organophosphorus insecticides. As TBPT is an esterase inhibitor, it is suggested that esterases contribute to resistance in the Q strain. Resistance to diazinon in the Q strain is due to a single, partially-dominant gene on chromosome 4. By the use of the backcross and discriminating dose technique, resistance to parathion, fenitrothion, chlorfenvinphos and fenitro-oxon (dimethyl 3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl phosphate) (the latter two were synergised by piperonyl butoxide to obtain a genetically discriminating dose) was also shown to be controlled by a single, partially-dominant gene on chromosome 4. It is concluded that this gene confers resistance to organophosphorus compounds in L. cuprina, probably by providing an esterase with enhanced ability to degrade organophosphates.

Insecticide resistance in field populations of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) in 1977

1978 ◽  
Vol 18 (95) ◽  
pp. 844 ◽  
Author(s):  
PB Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
New South ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
First Instar ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Susceptible Allele ◽  
Field Samples

A survey of insecticide resistance in Lucilia cuprina, the sheep blowfly, was conducted during 1977. The levels of organophosphorus resistance in samples collected from the Central West of New South Wales and Victoria were determined by testing diazinon against first instar larvae. Resistance factors varied from x4 to x 28. The allele(s) for resistance were present at a frequency close to 1.0 in 23 of the samples tested, while the remaining five samples contained the susceptible allele at an average frequency of 0.6. The frequency of the allele for dieldrin resistance, determined by treating adult females with the discriminating dose, was less than 0.02. A composite of field samples, following pressure from diazinon in the laboratory, increased its larval resistance factor to x45, indicating selection to high-order resistance. It is suggested that insecticides be used only at the onset of a fly wave to delay a similar response occurring in the field.

scholarly journals A Resistance Mechanism in Organophosphorus-Resistant Strains of Sheep Blowfly (Lucilia Cuprina)

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA Schutner ◽  
WJ Roulston
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Resistant Strains

After extensive field use of diazinon for control of Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) a 3�1 times resistant (DB) strain appeared (Shanahan 1966). Subsequently a 10 times resistant (G) strain has been found (Shanahan, personal communication). Resistance was confirmed but slightly lower factors of 2�2 and 6 for� the DB and G strains respectively were determined. Studies on penetration and metabolism and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in vivo and in vitro in the resistant strains, DB and G, and in a susceptible strain, LS, were made using [14C]diazinon and unlabelled diazoxon. Sufficient differences were found in in vivo inhibitor levels in the strains following equal diazinon treatment to account for the resistance factors. In add~tion, the thoracic acetylcholinesterase of the G strain was less sensitive to inhibition than those of the other two strains.

scholarly journals Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide resistance prevention strategy

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. McKay ◽  
G.C. Hagerty ◽  
G.B. Follas ◽  
M.S. Moore ◽  
M.S. Christie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Action Committee ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor

Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides are currently represented in New Zealand by eight active ingredients bixafen boscalid carboxin fluaxapyroxad fluopyram isopyrazam penthiopyrad and sedaxane They are either currently registered or undergoing development in New Zealand for use against a range of ascomycete and basiodiomycete pathogens in crops including cereals ryegrass seed apples pears grapes stonefruit cucurbits and kiwifruit These fungicides are considered to have medium to high risk of resistance development and resistance management is recommended by the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) in Europe Guidelines are presented for use of SDHI fungicides in New Zealand to help avoid or delay the development of resistance in the fungal pathogens that they target

scholarly journals The Central Role of Multiple P450 Genes and Their Co-factor CPR in the Development of Permethrin Resistance in the Mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youhui Gong ◽  
Ting Li ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Shikai Liu ◽  
Nannan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Gene Overexpression ◽  
Degradation Pathways ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Reductase ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Toxic Product ◽  
Resistant Strains

Mosquitoes’ increasing resistance to insecticides is becoming a major threat for control efforts worldwide. Multiple P450 genes that are up-regulated in permethrin resistant strains of Culex quinquefasciatus have been linked to the development of resistance. In the current study, we characterized the function of six P450 genes, CYP6P14, CYP6BZ2, CYP9J33, CYP9J34, CYP9J40, and CYP9J45, that are overexpressed in the permethrin resistant Culex mosquitoes and showed their capability in metabolism of permethrin. These six P450 genes can convert 3-phenoxybenzoic alcohol (PBCHO) to a less toxic product, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBCOOH), indicating that these P450s play an important role in permethrin degradation pathways. Although we know multiple P450 genes are over-expressed in permethrin resistant Culex mosquitoes, it remains to be seen whether cytochrome P450-reductase (CPR) gene that are co-overexpressed with P450 genes in permethrin resistant mosquitoes do indeed serve as a resistance mechanism. An in-depth investigation of the expression of CPR gene in resistant mosquitoes was conducted in permethrin resistant mosquitoes. The finding of CPR gene overexpression in permethrin resistant mosquitoes suggested the importance of co-overexpression of multiple P450 genes with their obligatory electron donor CPR in the complex detoxification system, boosting the metabolism of permethrin and hence the development of permethrin resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Long-term exposure to cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide cause liver and kidney inflammation and induce genotoxicity in New Zealand white male rabbits

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 250-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander I. Vardavas ◽  
Polychronis D. Stivaktakis ◽  
Manolis N. Tzatzarakis ◽  
Persefoni Fragkiadaki ◽  
Fotini Vasilaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Male ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Liver And Kidney
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