Institutional Transfer: The Beginnings of Insurance in Southeast Asia

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Borscheid ◽  
Niels-Viggo Haueter
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Insurance Industry ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Far East ◽  
Credit Crisis ◽  
The Far East ◽  
America South ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

At the turn of the nineteenth century, modern insurance started to spread from the British Isles around the world. Outside Europe and the European offshoots in North and South America, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, it began to compete with other forms of risk management and often met with stiff opposition on religious and cultural grounds. Insurance arrived in Southeast Asia via British merchants living in India and Canton rather than through agencies of European firms. While the early agency houses in Bengal collapsed in the credit crisis of 1829–1834, the firms established by opium traders residing in Macau and Hong Kong, and advised by insurance experts in London, went on to form the foundations of the insurance industry in the Far East. Until the early twentieth century, they sought to use the techniques of risk management that they had developed in Europe to win Europeans and Americans living in Southeast Asia as clients, along with members of the local population familiar with Western culture.

Pre-Baptismal Instruction and the Administration of Baptism in the Philippines during the Sixteenth Century

1955 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Leddy Phelan
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
The Far East ◽  
History Of ◽  
North And South America ◽  
Hernan Cortes ◽  
North And South ◽  
Spiritual Conquest

Magellan’s abortive attempts to introduce baptism among the natives of the island of Cebu during the month of April of 1521 and the more successful efforts of the Spanish missionaries to preach the Gospel following the arrival of the Legazpi-Urdaneta expedition at Cebu on February 13, 1565 occurred during the initial and the culminating chapters respectively of the “spiritual conquest” of those native peoples of America and the Far East who were to enter the orbit of Spanish culture. During April of 1521, as Magellan was transforming himself into a lay missionary, Hernán Cortés was making the final preparations for the siege of Tenochtitlán. Its successful issue on August 13, 1521 laid the foundation not only of the Spanish Empire in the New World, but also it provided the Spaniards with the base of operations from which eventually they could extend their power to the Philippines. It was Cortés’ conquest of the Aztec Confederation in 1521 which enabled the Catholic missionaries of Spain to undertake one of the most extensive expansions in the history of the Christian Church. In 1565 the Spanish Church for its Philippine enterprise was able to draw upon a vast storehouse of missionary experience acquired in both North and South America. Magellan’s apostolic labors, ill-starred and brief though they were, exemplify many of the permanent features of the Spanish missionary enterprise. The Magellan episode also illustrates how his successors after 1565 did in fact profit from the Circumnavigator’s errors of judgment and tactics.

The Genus Tachardina (Lacciferidae, Coccidae) in Southern Africa

1935 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Hall
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Far East ◽  
Zonal Distribution ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Family ◽  
Generic Groups ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Such knowledge as we have of the family Lacciferidae is very largely embodied in an excellent monograph published in 1923 and 1925 by J. C. Chamberlin (Bull. Ent. Res. 14, pp. 147–212 and 16, pp. 31–41). The comparatively speaking limited geographical distribution of the various generic groups is well brought out in this monograph. Thus, for instance, the genera Tachardiella and Austrotachardiella are apparently confined to North and South America, Metatachardia to Ceylon, Austrotachardia to Australia, Tachardia to India and the Far East. Chamberlin further states (p. 149) “ in general it may be said that the species of this group are tropical or sub-tropical, apparently reaching their greatest abundance in regions of limited rainfall.” How far this comparatively limited and well-defined zonal distribution of the various genera will hold good as further material is collected will prove of the greatest interest.

scholarly journals Specific Formation of the Bermuda and Dragon Triangles as a Result of a Change in the Axis of the Earth’s Rotation

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Earth’S Rotation ◽  
Earth's Rotation ◽  
Axis Of Rotation ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

The Bermuda Triangle is located in the area of the archipelago between North and South America and the Dragon Triangle is located in the area of the archipelago in Southeast Asia. There is a great resemblance between these two triangular areas; both were formed following special geological and tectonic conditions. It is herein proposed that their creation stems from the change in location of the axis of rotation of the earth and, accordingly, the change in the location of the equator.

Legacies of Engagement with East Asia

2018 ◽  
pp. 213-236
Author(s):  
Paul J. Heer
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Far East ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Policy Relevance ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The 1960S

This concluding chapter summarizes Kennan’s experience with East Asia and the legacies of his engagement with the region. It surveys his strategic approach to the Far East and highlights his explanation of why he did not believe his doctrine of containment was applicable there. It tracks the evolution of his thinking about China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia—and the attitudes he maintained toward each—from the 1960s until the end of his life. The chapter offers a balance sheet of the strengths and weaknesses of his approach to East Asia. Finally, it discusses the current policy relevance of the key issues Kennan confronted in the region and his response to them.

The Decline of Manila as the Spanish Entrepôt in the Far East, 1785–1826: Its Impact on the Pattern of Southeast Asian Trade

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Cheong
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Far East ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Seasonal Rhythm ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Traditional Structure ◽  
Permanent Settlement ◽  
Traditional Pattern

A pattern of trade completely new to the traditional structure of Southeast Asian trade emerged in the eastern extremity of Southeast Asia following the permanent settlement of the Spaniards at Manila in 1571. The new addition was based upon the Manila-Acapulco trade with its two supply lines originating from the ports of Fukien province in China, and the Coromandel and Malabari Coasts in India. Two hundred years later, this trade with Manila as the entrepot, had become a well-defined system, and very much a part of the traditional pattern of Southeast Asian trade. The mercantilist regulations obtaining in Manila, the seasonal rhythm of shipping movements, the goods carried along the routes and the dependent trades outside the Spanish systems had moulded the character of the Manila trade.

scholarly journals Problems and Perspectives of Single-Industry Towns in the Far East

2019 ◽  
Vol 2018 (4) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Владимир Григорьев ◽  
Vladimir Grigoryev
Keyword(s):  
Local Population ◽  
Far East ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Single Industry ◽  
Complex Development ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Specific Deposit

The research features the topical problem of formation and functioning of single-industry towns. The paper gives the quantitative parameters of some single-industry towns of the Russian Federation and the Far East, as well as the main factors of their development and related problems, such as unemployment, demography, migration, and absence of residents-investors. For example, a program of complex development of single-industry towns has been developed and implemented in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) with the main focus on creating new jobs. As a result, industrial enterprises are expected to attract at least 10,000 people from the local population by 2020. The author offers some possible solutions and substantiates the expediency of feasibility studies when choosing a method of development of each specific deposit. The studies should be based on the production capacity of the future enterprise. The obtained data predict when the local deposits will be exhausted and, thus, the prospective operation life of the settlement. Only after that, either stationary settlement or rotational team method can be chosen.

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