Ecological-phytocenotic confinement and seasonal rhythm of development of Paeonia anomala L. in East Kazakhstan

The article describes the ecological and biological features, phytocenotic structure and seasonal rhythm of development of Paeonia anomala L. populations on the territory of Kazakhstan Altai in the East Kazakhstan region. According to the research results, the regularities of the species confinement to the ecological and geomorphological conditions of the habitat were revealed, the limiting factors determining the rarity of the species were identified and recommendations were given for the preservation of the natural populations of the species. It was found that P. anomala in the studied region grows on steep forest and shrub slopes of northern exposure, overgrown kurums, bottoms of inter-montane ravines, river valleys at an altitude range of 700–1850 m above sea level. The most optimal habitat conditions for P. anomala are cedar-larch sparse forests. The age spectrum of the Paeonia anomala populations is characterized by the absolute maximum of generative individuals. Populations in thickened forest and shrub habitats on the southwestern micro-slopes are in unfavorable ecological conditions for the species. The limiting factors that determine the rarity of seeing are the collection of bouquets, the procurement of medicinal raw materials, grazing and the low competitive ability of seedlings in the early stages of development, as well as the massive destruction of seeds by rodents. To preserve the natural populations of the peony evading in Western Altai, it is necessary to strictly protect the species from being cut into bouquets, prohibit the procurement of medicinal raw materials, as well as develop industrial technologies for growing the species in culture.

Ecological Characteristic of Grazing Vegetation and Capacity Food for the Large Cattle in Central Highland, Vietnam

The Highland Central of Vietnam has a high potential for livestock development with a vast area of grazing areas include scrubs, grassland and some forest types but currently, the livestock of the Central Highland has been facing with a problem as long period of dry season as 4-6 months that make most of the plant communities stop growing. To contribute to the livestock development of the Central Highland, in this study, we focus on the ecological characteristics of the natural vegetation to gather experiences about the structure, seasonal rhythm and succession trend of each plant communities related to grazing. Therefore, in this paper, the ecological characteristics of 11 natural ecological habitats and 1 artificial habitat are descripted; natural grazing vegetation includes 5 forests, 3 scrubs and 3 grasslands belonging to 3 bio-climate types (tropical monsoon moisture, tropical monsoon dry and sub-tropical monsoon moisture) and 3 ecological canopy types (evergreen, semi-deciduous and deciduous). The seasonal rhythm of each ecosystem also affects to the food resources for the cattle, among that, the main food was found in dry grasslands and scrubs in the rainy season but in the dry season those habitats have support food not considerable, the cattle would get food from the moisture habitats in this period. The largest changes of food source ratios between rainy and dry seasons were found in Dak Lak and Gia Lai provinces, where the dry habitats are common while the changing ratios at Kon Tum and Lam Dong provinces have been not much that means two provinces would support food for the large cattle stability during the year. However, when the density of the cattle head is too high, the capacity of the habitat is lower than the requirement of the animal, especially in the dry season, the natural food sources cannot adapt for the cattle food requirement and the people must use the other sources such as planting, industrial food. The density of the cattle also effects on the ecological succession trend of each habitat. In normally, the forest would be changed to the scrubs, the scrubs would be changed to the grassland and vice versa. In the first trend, it is positive but the second trend is negative. Because of high density of cattle, the negative ecological succession within the natural vegetation related to the grazing in the Central Highland has been found at the western area of Dak Lak and Gia Lai provinces, most areas of Kon Tum and Dak Nong provinces except the habitat along the boundary of the special used forest (national park, nature reserves) and the positive succession would be found at all of the special used forest areas, Lam Dong province, Southeastern area of Dak Lak province, Central areas of Gia Lai province.

Introduction of sorts of Clematis L. genus in the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of UFRC RAS

The article presents the results of a long-term of study of biological features of 54 sorts of Clematis L. genus of collection of the SouthUral Botanical Garden-Institute of UFRC RAS. The aim of the work was to summarize the introduction studies for the possibility of successful use of clematis sorts in vertical gardening in the Bashkir Cis-Urals and adjacent territories. During the period 2007 and 2015, the seasonal rhythm of growth and development and vegetative reproduction were studied, and the prospects of introduction and introduction resistance under the culture were assessed. The length of the clematis growing period varies from 156 to 168 days. The duration of flowering of sorts is 24–111 days. Rooting of clematis sorts using root-forming stimulators is 33 to 100%. The largest number of rooted cuttings was obtained using the preparation “Circon”. According to the results of the introduction success assessment, all the studied sorts have high resistance to local climatic conditions.

Molecular Basis of Maintaining Circannual Rhythm in the Skin of Cashmere Goat

BackgroundThe cashmere goat (Capra hircus) is famous for the fine quality cashmere wool. The cashmere is produced by secondary hair follicle that shows seasonal rhythm in growth. Thus, in this study, the skin of cashmere goat was selected as a model to illustrate the circannual rhythm of skin. ResultsThe skin whole length transcriptome obtained by PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing (SMRT) technology were mixed from four selected months. The transcriptome yielded 82,382 high quality non-redundant transcripts belonging to 193,310 genes, including 4,237 novel genes. Other 39 skin transcriptomes sequenced by Illumina Hi-Seq2500 were sampled from Dec. 2014 to Dec. 2015, from which we found 980 genes were differentially expressed. Of these genes, 403 seasonal rhythm genes (SRGs) were expressed and exhibited a seasonal pattern in skin. Some SRG genes related to the hormone secretion and eyes morphogenesis were enriched in skin. These SRG genes gradually increased their expression level under short light, reached the peak near the summer solstice, and then began to decline. We found that the expression of Dio1 gene may be affected by the photoperiod that induces transformation from the inactive T4 to active thyroid hormone T3 in the skin and led to the difference between the skin circannual rhythm and the core circannual rhythm. The results also showed that miRNAs were differentially expressed as the daylight length changed throughout a year. Furthermore, the skin expressed eye morphogenesis-related genes and miRNAs, which suggested some cells in the skin could have the potential of light sensitivity. ConclusionTaking together, these results revealed that SRGs could regulate the downstream gene expression and physiological process in the skin to adapt to the season change. We provided a hypothesis to describe how goat skin makes the own rhythm and gets the clue from the environment factor.

То the biology of some species of Lysimachia L. under the conditions of the culture

Results of introduced research of three beautiful-blossoming species of Lysimachia L. genus: L. clethroides Duby, L. punctata L L. ciliata L. are presented. Researches are conducted in the South Ural botanical garden-institute of UFRC RAS on the basis of a collection of shade-loving beautiful-blossoming and foliage plants in the following parameters: to a seasonal rhythm of development, biomorphological parameters, success of an introduction. Duration of blossoming of the studied species averages three weeks, except L. ciliata which blossoms more than a month. The studied species of Lysimachia under the conditions of Ufa do not form seeds, however actively breed in the vegetative way through formation of rhizomes. The studied species have high resistance to local climatic conditions, regularly and in large quantities blossom, well expand. Species of Lysimachia are perspective for culture and reproduction. They can be recommended for introduction in practice of gardening.

Molecular Basis of Maintaining Circannual Rhythm in the Skin of Cashmere Goat

The cashmere goat (Capra hircus) is famous for the fine quality cashmere wool. The cashmere is produced by secondary hair follicle that the growth shows seasonal rhythm. Thus, in this study, the skin of cashmere goat was selected as a model to illustrate the circannual rhythm of skin. The whole length skin transcriptome mixed from selected four months was obtained by PacBio single-molecule long-read sequencing (SMRT) technology. We generated 82,382 high quality non-redundant transcripts belonging to 193,310 genes, including 4,237 novel genes. Other 39 skin transcriptomes sampled from Dec. 2014 to Dec. 2015 were sequenced by Illumina Hi-Seq2500, we found 980 genes were differentially expressed. Of these genes, 403 seasonal rhythm genes (SRGs) were expressed and exhibited a seasonal pattern in skin. The results also showed that miRNAs were differentially expressed as the daylight length changed throughout a year. Some SRG genes related to the hormone secretion and eyes morphogenesis were enriched in skin. These genes gradually increased their expression level under short light, reached the peak near the summer solstice, and then began to decline. We found that the expression of Dio1 gene may be affected by the photoperiod that induces transformation from the inactive T4 to active thyroid hormone T3 in the skin and led to the difference between the skin circannual rhythm and the core circannual rhythm. Furthermore, the skin expressed eye morphogenesis-related genes and miRNAs, which suggested some cells in the skin could have the potential of light sensitivity. These results revealed that SRGs could regulate the downstream gene expression and physiological process in the skin to adapt to the season change.

Features of flowering and fruiting of the genus Cotoneaster Medik. species in the introduction of the Komi Republic

The paper deals with the biological features of introduced species of Cotoneaster genus in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic. The vegetation, flowering, fruiting, rhythm of shoots growth, winter resistance and seed productivity of six species of perennial plants of the genus Cotoneaster in new growth conditions were studied. The seasonal rhythm of development of all studied plant species at the point of introduction corresponds to the climatic conditions of the middle taiga subzone. The most promising species were selected for cultivation.

The introduction of dwarf bearded irises in South-Ural Botanical Garden-Iinstitute

The article presents the results of the study of introduced varieties of dwarf bearded irises (Filippok, Deep Lavender, Bright White,CherryGarden, Clash, Well Suited, Banbury Ruffl es, Skip Stitch, Inscription, April Accent, Lace Caper, Double Lament) on the basis of the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences. The main purpose of the study was to replenish the collection of the genus Iris with new varieties from the classes MDB (miniature dwarf bearded irises) and SDB (standard dwarf bearded irises), their introduction and selection of the most valuable varieties suitable for introduction into production, as well as for use in breeding. Seasonal rhythm of plants was studied by the method of phenological observations. The evaluation of ornamental features was carried out according to the generally accepted methodology, and also used the scale of comparative variety evaluation developed by theMainBotanical garden. As a result of the phenological observations there was revealed that the timing of fl owering all studied irises, except for the variety Skip Stitch, attributed to the early flowering – the beginning of fl owering is observed in May. The earliest onset of the fl owering phase was observed in the variety April Accent (May 21); at the latest – in the variety Skip Stitch (June 03). The duration of the fl owering phase ranged from 10 (Inscription) to 27 (Lace Caper) days. The life of the fl ower from disclosure to wilt averaged from four to six days. It was found that in the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir Ural half of the studied varieties undergo a full cycle of development: they bloom and bear fruit, the remaining varieties are limited to fl owering. As result of the conducted evaluation of ornamentality, the studied irises received 90 or more points. The Clash and Well Suited varieties were characterized by highest ornamental qualities, which scored 98 points. On the basis of the conducted evaluation it was found that the studied varieties are adapted for cultivation in the forest-steppe zone of the Bashkir Ural.