scholarly journals On the syntax of relative clauses in Korean

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Hye Han
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Binding Analysis ◽  
Analysis Experiment ◽  
Overt Pronoun ◽  
Operator Binding ◽  
Operator Movement

AbstractThere are two main approaches to the syntax of Korean relative clauses: the operator-movement analysis and the operator-binding analysis. Although the predictions made by the two analyses are clear, no consensus is found in the literature regarding the two approaches, as there is disagreement on what the facts are. This situation thus calls for adopting a controlled experimental methodology to obtain the relevant data. In this article, I present findings from two magnitude estimation task experiments that support the operator-movement analysis. Experiment 1 tested whether a subject gap can occur in islands in relative clauses and whether it can be replaced with an overt pronoun, and Experiment 2 tested whether an object gap can occur in islands in relative clauses and whether it can be replaced with an overt pronoun. In both experiments, a gap could not occur in an island and could not be replaced with an overt pronoun. According to these findings, relativization into islands is ruled out in Korean, and thus the operator-movement analysis is supported.

Auditory Psychophysical Scaling Exposure Effects: Magnitude Estimation and Cross-Modal Matching

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 643-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Fucci ◽  
Daniel Harris ◽  
Linda Petrosino ◽  
Elizabeth Randolph-Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Thenar Eminence ◽  
Vibrotactile Stimulus ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Psychophysical Scaling ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Right ◽  
Age Range

The purpose of the present study was to investigate possible effects of exposure upon suprathreshold psychological responses when auditory magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching with audition as the standard are conducted within the same experiment. Four groups of 10 subjects each whose over-all age range was 18 to 23 yr. were employed. During the cross-modal marching task the Groups 1 and 2 subjects adjusted a vibrotactile stimulus presented to the dorsal surface of the tongue and the Groups 3 and 4 subjects adjusted a vibrotactile stimulus presented to the thenar eminence of the right hand to match binaurally presented auditory stimuli. The magnitude-estimation task was conducted before the cross-modal matching task for Groups 1 and 3 and the cross-modal matching task was conducted before the magnitude-estimation task for Groups 2 and 4. The psychophysical methods of magnitude estimation and cross-modal matching showed no effect of one upon the other when used in the same experiment.

scholarly journals Against 'Long' Movement of the Superlative Operator

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Sharvit ◽  
Penka Stateva
Keyword(s):  
Propositional Attitude ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
High Grade ◽  
De Re ◽  
Base Position ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Operator Movement

It is a matter of considerable debate whether degree operators are interpreted in their base position or in some higher position. Kennedy ( 1 997) has shown that degree operators (e.g., the comparative operator) do not interact scopally with quantified expressions. On the other hand, Heim ( 1 999) and Stateva (to appear) have presented evidence that the superlative operator (as in the highest grade) interacts scopally with intensional predicates. This paper argues that despite the fact that the superlative operator seems to interact scopally with intensional predicates, the facts receive a better account under an in situ analysis, rather than a movement analysis, of the operator. This point will be made by (a) looking at examples where a superlative expression is embedded under a propositional attitude verb, and focussing on readings which are neither de re (in the strict sense) nor de dicto (in the strict sense); and (b) examining negative superlatives (e.g., the least high grade) in extensional contexts. Our conclusion will be that Kennedy' s claim that degree operator movement is highly restricted is correct.

Against 'Long' Movement of the Superlative Operator

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Yael Sharvit ◽  
Penka Stateva
Keyword(s):  
Propositional Attitude ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
High Grade ◽  
De Re ◽  
Base Position ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Operator Movement

It is a matter of considerable debate whether degree operators are interpreted in their base position or in some higher position. Kennedy (1997) has shown that degree operators (e.g., the comparative operator) do not interact scopally with quantified expressions. On the other hand, Heim (1999) and Stateva (to appear) have presented evidence that the superlative operator (as in <it>the highest grade</it>) interacts scopally with intensional predicates. This paper argues that despite the fact that the superlative operator seems to interact scopally with intensional predicates, the facts receive a better account under an <it>in situ</it> analysis, rather than a movement analysis, of the operator. This point will be made by (a) looking at examples where a superlative expression is embedded under a propositional attitude verb, and focussing on readings which are neither <it>de re</it> (in the strict sense) nor <it>de dicto</it> (in the strict sense); and (b) examining negative superlatives (e.g., <it>the least high grade</it>) in extensional contexts. Our conclusion will be that Kennedy's claim that degree operator movement is highly restricted is correct.

An Experimental Study of Internal Interval Standards in Javanese and Western Musicians

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Perlman ◽  
Carol L. Krumhansl
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Tuning Systems ◽  
Magnitude Estimates

Six Javanese and six Western musicians performed a magnitude-estimation task using 36 melodic intervals ranging from 60 to 760 cents at 20-cent increments. Several musicians displayed well-defined regions of confusion in which a range of intervals was assigned approximately equal magnitude estimates. The results suggest that these listeners assimilate the intervals to a set of internal interval standards. No evidence for assimilation was found for other musicians in both groups, some of whom made highly accurate estimates. For the Javanese musicians who showed assimilation to internal interval standards, the regions corresponded to the two Javanese tuning systems, slendro and pelog. For the Western musicians, the regions corresponded to the equal-tempered scale. The relatively wider regions of confusion for the Javanese musicians may reflect the greater variability of intonation in Java. In addition, the Javanese musicians seemed able to choose between internal interval standards based on the two tuning systems.

Magnitude Estimation Scaling of the Loudness of a Wide Range of Auditory Stimuli

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1059-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Fucci ◽  
Linda Petrosino ◽  
Doug McColl ◽  
Denise Wyatt ◽  
Corry Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Rock Music ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Band Width ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Band Noise ◽  
Psychophysical Scaling ◽  
Wide Range

The study of the perception of loudness lends itself well to the psychophysical scaling technique of magnitude estimation This study was designed to extend the range of auditory stimuli used to study the magnitude estimation scaling of loudness. The five stimuli chosen were a 1000-Hz pure tone, narrow band noise (700–1300 Hz band width), broad band noise (100–10,000 Hz band width), rock music, and babble speech, i.e., speech in which meaning is not discernible because several individuals are talking at once. Subjects were 30 normal young women ( M=19 yr.). During the auditory magnitude-estimation task for each of the five stimuli, a subject was instructed to assign numbers to stimulus presented in a randomly ordered series of nine sensation levels (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 dB SL). Multivariate analysis of variance for repeated measures indicated there were no significant differences in the numerical responses of the subjects for the five stimuli. A possible explanation for these results is the presence of an underlying stabilizing factor (internal scaling mechanism) that allows adults to scale loudness consistently irrespective of the type of auditory stimulus.

scholarly journals The Influence of the Place Value System on Symbolic Number Perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Oberholzer ◽  
Marcus Lindskog ◽  
Benjamin Scheibehenne
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Place Value ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Value System ◽  
Number Perception ◽  
Symbolic Number ◽  
Function Shape

Past research on numerical cognition has suggested that both symbolic and non-symbolic numbers are mapped onto the same compressed mental analogue representation. However, experiments using magnitude estimation tasks show logarithmic compression of symbolic numbers while the compression of non-symbolic numbers has a power-function shape. This warrants closer inspection of what differentiates the two processes. In this study, we hypothesized that estimates of symbolic numbers are systematically shaped by the format in which they are represented, namely, the place value system. To investigate this, we tested adults (N = 188) on a magnitude estimation task with unfamiliar base-26 and base-5 scales. Results reveal that adults showed systematic, logarithmic-looking underestimation on both scales, indicating that the place value system itself can cause the pattern. Additionally, the observed shape of participants’ estimates on both scales could be well explained with a simple model that assumed insufficient understanding of exponential growth (i.e., a characteristic of place value systems). Taken together, our results suggest that the discrepancy between symbolic and non-symbolic number compression can be explained by taking the effect of the place value system into account.

Anaphor reconstruction in Japanese relative clauses

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunchuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Head Noun ◽  
Value Judgment ◽  
Binding Analysis ◽  
Truth Value

Abstract This study conducted two experiments to examine the derivation of the head noun phrase in Japanese relative clauses, with a focus on whether the anaphors jibun ‘self’ and jibun-jishin ‘self-self’ within the head noun phrase can be co-referential with the relative clause subject. It aims to settle a long-standing debate among the previous studies concerning the interpretation of the anaphors inside the head noun phrase: while several studies claimed that the co-reference between the anaphor jibun ‘self’ and the relative clause subject is prohibited, many other studies argued that such co-reference is possible. In addition, it has been claimed that while co-indexing the anaphor jibun with the relative clause subject might be marginally acceptable, it would become fully acceptable if we replace jibun with the morphologically complex anaphor jibun-jishin ‘self-self’, which implies that the morphological make-up of an anaphor may affect its ability to be co-indexed with the relative clause subject. The results of two carefully controlled truth value judgment experiments show that neither the simplex anaphor jibun nor the complex anaphor jibun-jishin within the head noun phrase of relative clauses can take the relative clause subject as its antecedent, which suggests that the head noun phrase does not reconstruct and therefore lends support to the pro-binding analysis of Japanese relative clauses. Moreover, the findings also suggest that the morphological make-up of an anaphor does not affect its ability to take the relative clause subject as its antecedent, despite the claim that it is more acceptable to co-index the complex anaphor jibun-jishin with the relative clause subject than the simplex anaphor jibun.

Individual Differences in the Perception of Entrenchment of Multiword Units

2010 ◽  
Vol 84-85 ◽  
pp. 155-165
Author(s):  
Véronique Verhagen ◽  
Ad Backus
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Multiword Units ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Factor Frequency

While for a long time words and grammatical rules were regarded as the basic units in language, it has become increasingly clear that we have a much more varied set of units at our disposal, including multiword chunks. How such chunks are represented, which factors contribute to their entrenchment as units and to what extent this differs from person to person are questions that require investigation. In this paper we report on the results of a magnitude estimation task investigating variation in entrenchment, both between units and across individuals. Interesting discrepancies were found between corpus frequencies and the participants' assessments of unit status, as well as substantial differences between individuals. These results are important with respect to usage-based theories of language, as they contribute to a more precise account of basic assumptions regarding the relative importance of the factor frequency in shaping linguistic representations and in giving rise to variation across speakers.

Lingual Vibrotactile Magnitude-Estimation Scaling Using a Limited Set of Suprathreshold Stimulus Intensities

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 443-447
Author(s):  
Donald Fucci ◽  
Daniel Harris ◽  
Linda Petrosino ◽  
Molly Banks
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
The Other ◽  
Estimation Task ◽  
Magnitude Scaling ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Pure Research

The purpose of the present study was to assess feasibility of lingual vibrotactile suprathreshold testing with a limited number of intensities. 25 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 26 years ( M = 19 yr.) participated. Two magnitude-estimation scaling tasks were presented to each subject with 1 wk. between tasks. One magnitude-estimation task involved eight suprathreshold intensities and the other involved four. Statistical analyses showed that there was no difference in subjects' responses to the two scaling efforts. In pure research endeavors it might make sense to continue to obtain as many magnitude-scaling data points as possible, but practical prudence may dictate a limited set of suprathreshold intensities for efficiency and subjects' comfort.

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